Dating and Marriage Vocabulary in English

This dating and marriage vocabulary guide provides common expressions used in English to speak about romance, going out and getting married including the verbs, nouns, and idioms used with these expressions. These are often similar to those used when ​​speaking about romantic relationships. Before Marriage Verbs to ask someone out - to ask someone to go on a date Alan asked Susan out last week. She still hasnt given him an answer.   to date - to see someone repeatedly in a romantic sense They dated for two years before they decided to get married. to fall in love - to find someone that you love They fell in love while on a hike through Peru. to go out - to date once, to go out repeatedly (often used in the present perfect continuous form) Were going out next Friday. Weve been going out for a few months now.   to court - to try to date someone (older English, not often used in modern, everyday English) The young man courted his love by sending her flowers every day. to go steady - to date regularly over a long period of time Tim and I are going steady.   to have a boyfriend/girlfriend - to have a continuing relationship with one person Do you have a boyfriend? - Thats none of your business! to arrange a marriage - to find marriage partners for other people   In the US most people find a partner by dating. However, its common to arrange marriages in a number of cultures around the world.   to woo someone - to try to go out or date someone How long have you been wooing Anna? Have you asked her out yet? Nouns speed dating - modern technique to find someone to date, people speak to each other quickly one after the other in order to find someone to date Speed dating might seem strange to some, but it certainly helps people find others quickly. online dating - sites that help arrange relationships by meeting possible romantic partners online As many as one in three marriages start with online dating these days. courtship - a period of time during which a man tries to convince a woman to marry him (not generally used in modern English, but common in English literate) The courtship lasted for six months, after which the couple married.   relationship - when two people have a committed attachment to each other Im in a relationship at the moment. Idioms a match made in heaven - two people who are perfect for each other Bob and Kim are a match made in heaven. Im sure theyll have a happy and healthy marriage.   love at first sight - what happens when someone falls in love the first time they see someone I feel in love with my wife at first sight. Im not sure it was the same for her. love affair - a romantic relationship Their love affair lasted for more than two years. blind date - to go out with someone you have never seen before, blind dates are often arranged by friends She was surprised at how much fun she had on her blind date last week. Becoming Engaged Verbs to propose - to ask someone to marry you   Im going to propose to Alan next week. to ask someone to marry you - to ask someone to be your spouse Have you asked her to marry you yet? to ask for someones hand in marriage - to ask someone to marry you Peter arranged a romantic dinner and asked Susans hand in marriage. Nouns proposal - the question made when asking someone to marry   He made his proposal when they brought out the champagne. engagement - the state of being engaged, making the promise to marry each other They announced their engagement at the Christmas party last week. fiance - the person to whom you are engaged My fiance works in education. betrothal - a literary term synonymous with engagement (not commonly used in modern English) The couples betrothal was approved by the king. Idioms to pop the question - to ask someone to marry you When are you going to pop the question? Marrying Verbs to get married - the action of becoming husband and wife They got married in a historic church in the countryside.   to marry - to get married They are going to wed next June. to wed - to get married We wed twenty years ago on this day. to say I do - the agree to marry the other person at a wedding The bride and groom said I do after their vows. Nouns anniversary - the day of your wedding, celebrated by married couples Our anniversary is coming up next week. What should I get her? marriage - the state of being married Their marriage is very good. Theyve been married for twenty years. wedding - the ceremony during which people get married The wedding was lovely. I couldnt help crying a little. matrimony - the state of being married (used less commonly than marriage) The matrimony withheld the test of time.   wedlock - the state of being married (used less commonly than marriage) Weve been in wedlock since 1964.   vow - the promise made between two people during a wedding We exchanged our vows in front of our family and friends.   bride - the woman who marries The bride was so beautiful. They looked so happy together. groom - the man who marries The groom looked arrived twenty minutes late for the wedding. Everyone was very nervous!

Children Should Be Given the Opportunity to Explore and...

Children are naturally curious about the world we live in and are eager to ask questions to develop their understanding. Children should be given the opportunity to explore and discover new ideas for themselves. (Beckley et al, 2009, p. 196) The National Curriculum states that science should be taught in a way that develops the skills, attitudes and ways of working that express their scientific values by be curious, using their imagination, raising questions, working collaborate and performing practical investigations. (https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/national-curriculum accessed on 13.05.2014) By children raising questions within science enables them to develop valuable problem solving skills. Teachers should aim to use†¦show more content†¦There are a variety of ways to encourage children to ask questions; on placement our class has a display board where children are encouraged to list questions that they would like to investigate. This involves the children in the learning process and enables the child to feel like they are taking ownership of their learning. They focus on questions weekly which demonstrates to the children that their questions are important and valued within the classroom. Children are encouraged to investigate and explore the questions in their free time and are asked once the answers have been found to chare with the rest of the class; a sense of involvement keeps the children motivated and feels valued. Many questions led to practical investigations being organised, the children were then able to investigate and learn through practical enquiry. Children learn through doing and experimenting however the teacher should scaffold their learning and let them experiment to come to their own conclusion. Bruner advocated that discovery learning encourages children to actively use their intuition, imagination, and creativity. (Ward et al, 2006, p. 12) Scientific observation is also a starting point for questions to be asked, by allowing the children to learn through observing with all their senses. When children are asked to observe objects, teachers can start byShow MoreRelated Motivating Students1933 Words   |  8 PagesI believe a classroom should be a sanctuary of learning in which the students know from the beginning what is expected of them and the teacher should discuss what is expected of her as a teacher. There needs to be an understanding amongst all involved with the children education. This understanding can lead to a fun filled adventurous classroom that encourages students to strive for the best. I believe when students and teachers are able to learn from each other, the learning environment can be successfulRead MoreGraduation Speech : Becoming A Teacher1539 Words   |  7 Pagesa teacher was not something that I thought of doing. 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Piaget is also linked toRead MoreAs â€Å"Jean Piaget† Once Said, â€Å"Knowledge Arises Neither From1546 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom objects nor child, but from interactions between the child and those objects.† (EDUC 16800, Professor Steve Sellarajah,PowerPoint, 2017). To acquire this knowledge and to learn, children play. In this fast pacing world we are so inclined to teach our children different concepts that we seem to forget that children learn from their play and its is also their basic right. The importance of play can be evaluated on the basis that Article 31 of the UN convention on the rights of the child stated thatRead MoreHow Does the Montessori Environment Facilitate and Encourage the Freedom of the Child?750 Words   |  3 PagesIn a Montessori classroom, a child is free to move about and explore the environment because with activity and movement comes learning. Movement, in fact, contributes not only to the physical, but also to the intellectual potential and spiritual development of the child. The child must have freedom achieved through order and self-discipline. The child in a Montessori environment can learn, discover and be creative. He has the freedom of choice and develops his individual interest. The child learnsRead MoreTiffany Dhanbeer. Phil/ Soc 202. Professor Ramaina Prashad.1384 Words   |  6 Pagesstatement of a teacher’s goals or belief. A teacher comes to the classroom with a distinctive set of principles and ideals that affect how a student learns and expand the child’s potential in his or her venture into knowledge. I believe that education should be active, and focus on the whole child, rather than just the content or the teacher. 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Environmental Protection Program Free Essays

string(104) " is of great importance in itself, and of fundamental importance to achieving sustainable productivity\." The collective action of humans – developing and paving over the landscape, clear-cutting forests, polluting rivers and streams, altering the atmosphere’s protective ozone layer, and populating nearly every place imaginable – are bringing an end to the lives of creatures across the Earth. Extinction of biological species is not necessarily a phenomenon initiated by human activity, some argue. Although the specific role of extinction in the process of evolution is still being researched and debated, it is generally accepted that the demise of any biological species is inevitable. We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Protection Program or any similar topic only for you Order Now Opponents of special efforts to protect endangered species invariably point this out. They also suggest that the role of homo sapiens in causing extinction should not be distinguished from that of any other species. This position, most often espoused by individuals whose other views are curiously much more anthropocentric, is contrary to some well established facts. Unlike other creatures that have inhabited the Earth, human beings are the first to possess the technological ability to cause wholesale extermination of species, genera or even entire families of living creatures. This process is accelerating. Wildlife management efforts initiated during this century have been unsuccessful in stemming the tide. Most public attention given to endangered species has focused on mammals, birds, and a few varieties of trees. Ecologists recognize a far greater threat to the much larger number of species of reptiles, fish, invertebrates, and plants that are being wiped out by human activity. In the past few decades, vast areas in several regions of the world have been cleared to make room for urban development or for food production. Modern agriculture techniques and industries’ need for raw material have contributed to the epidemic of extinction. During the last few centuries, growth in the human population and intensification of our use of resources has greatly increased the rate of species extinction. Today, this rate is at least 1,000 times higher than it was when the genus Homo made its appearance about 2 million years ago. According to the best estimates, an average of 200 species vanishes from the Earth every day. By the year 2025, an estimated 20 percent of Earth’s species may have been pushed to extinction – a loss of species unmatched since the end of the Mesozoic 65 million years ago. For human beings, the consequences of this extensive wave of extinction’s will be severe, whether they are viewed from a moral, aesthetic, scientific, or economic perspective. Scientists fear that the vitality of our ecology may be seriously threatened by the reduction of biological diversity resulting from the lost genetic resource contained in the extinct species. They note that the ability of species to evolve and adapt to environmental change depends on the existence of a vast pool of genetic material. This problem joins the issue of endangered species with that of wilderness preservation. Unfortunately, the need to set aside vast undeveloped areas to prevent wholesale extinction is more acute in the poorer, more crowded regions of the world where people are pressured by both their own basic needs and the demand of the industrialized world for their resources. The concept of biodiversity helps capture the magnitude of the problem. Biodiversity is the variety of, and interaction among, living organisms and the ecological complexes that they occur in, from the smallest habitat to the Earth as a whole. The concept also includes the genetic variability within these species, the raw material of both evolutionary adaptation and selective breeding by humans. In terms of biodiversity, extinction is more than the loss of individual species, it is the degradation of the ecological complexes that support all life on this planet. The set of plant, animal, fungus and microorganism species that occur together at a particular place make possible the functioning of an ecosystem at that place. Undisturbed ecosystems, with their natural level of biodiversity – regulate the flow of energy and the cycling of nutrients, which all life depends on. The ongoing elimination of a sizable portion of the Earth’s biota is probably the clearest sign that the manner in which we use the natural environment is not sustainable. The intensity of our exploitation of natural resources is simply too great. In the past 40 years, human beings have wasted over a fifth of the Earth’s topsoil, destroyed more than half of its forests, polluted most fresh and onshore marine waters, and profoundly changed the characteristics of the atmosphere. It is easy to put much of the blame on population growth. The human population has more than doubled over the past 40 years to reach the present level of more than 5. 5 billion. Each new person puts an added burden on the natural environment. Yet if we are to understand the roots of the problem and work towards real solutions, we need to look at other factors besides population growth. As living organisms, we must utilize the natural environment to satisfy our basic needs. The manner in which we do this, however, is as variable as human culture. The problem is that present social, economic, and political structures encourage us to maximize our use of natural resources rather than use them wisely. In today’s world, economic resources are highly concentrated in industrialized countries, where most of the world’s goods are consumed by a minority of the global population. Seventy-seven percent of the people in the world – most of whom live in less-developed nations – have only about 15 percent of the world’s wealth, consume only 10 to 15 percent of the world’s natural resources, and generate about 10 to 15 percent of the world’s pollution. This global inequality is one of the major factors contributing to overuse of resources and destruction of natural habitats. At present, our ignorance of biodiversity is telling: scientists believe that the total number of species on Earth may be about 10 million, although only 1. million have been named and classified. Such knowledge is of great importance in itself, and of fundamental importance to achieving sustainable productivity. You read "Environmental Protection Program" in category "Essay examples" But it is only one of many prerequisites; another is a stable human population. Unfortunately – and only if we sustain our attention to family planning around the world – two to three times the current number of people may be alive when the human population levels out. At that point, the intelligent use of organisms and other natural resources will be absolutely essential for future stability. A stable human population, however, will not in itself allow us to attain a stable world. We must also address much more effectively the problems of poverty and lack of social justice throughout the world. This must include pursuing sustainable agricultural development in a way that guarantees more people access to the land they must have to meet their own needs. The role of women must also be enhanced throughout the world, in relation to health and family planning, literacy and school involvement, and participation in the work force. Another problem to confront is overconsumption of the world’s resources by people in industrialized countries. Plans to preserve biodiversity and utilize it sustainably will fail as long as the global community continues to promote growth and consumption rather than reduce them. In addition, it is important to augment the number of educators, scientists, and engineers who live in developing countries, only about one in twenty of the world’s scientists and engineers live there. Without technical knowledge and expertise, the chances for most less-developed nations to achieve sustainable productivity are poor. All nations must be given the opportunity to explore multiple paths, consistent with their own social values, for making biodiverisity an indispensable ingredient of socioeconomic, cultural, and scientific development. Without the achievement of a stable global population and the implementation of social justice, it simply will not be possible to learn about, manage, preserve, and benefit from what is left of the world’s biodiversity. Understanding the connections between biodiversity, human institutions, and our long-term survival is the first step in learning to manage the biological resources of the planet Earth, our common home, for our mutual benefit. The sixth extinction is not inevitable. If humans are the cause, they can also be the solution. Conservation law in this country has taken a new turn, and in many ways California is leading the charge. The next decade will be an exciting and critical time for this state and the nation. The future of our natural resources and of our quality of life may well depend upon the choices and commitments we make over the next few years. If you travel the length or breadth of the state of California, you experience its diversity as a progression of distinct environments, each with characteristic plant species and climatic conditions. To highlight such contrasts, scientists have divided the state into large bioregions, each of which encompasses environments with broadly similar characteristics. A bioregion is itself a mosaic of unique aquatic and terrestrial environments-marshes, grasslands, woodlands, forests. California is composed of 11 major biogeographic areas, or bioregions. The great diversity of habitats within the state has allowed California to serve as a final refuge for species once dispersed throughout the West. The isolation provided by restricted habitats has allowed them to act not only as refuges, but also as centers of evolution for new species. Hence, California has a remarkably high degree of endemism – of species found nowhere else – in much the same way that an island often has endemic species. The two most important arbiters of California’s natural landscapes are its Mediterranean climate and its varied topography. These factors are interconnected: landforms modify the climate, producing local variations in temperature and precipitation, and climate determines the nature and rate of erosion and soil deposition. Over eons, these and other factors have interacted to produce an amazing diversity of both landscapes and species. More than a third of the plants native to California are endemic, either evolving here in response to the continual opening up of new ecological niches, or finding refuge here after geologic change had altered their homelands. In California, population growth is obviously a direct cause of spreading urbanization. New housing developments and freeways overwhelm woods, meadows, and chaparral, destroying unique habitats full of evolutionary novelties, placing many native plant and wildlife species in imminent danger of extinction. It is tempting to blame our problems on overpopulation. The California that once supported 300,000 native Americans is now teeming with about 31. 5 million inhaitants-and their automobiles. It may be that the state’s environment cannot support this many people, but we also should remember that incredible environmental damage had already been done when the state’s human population numbered 1 million or fewer. It may be more appropriate to look at the nature of our economic system, a system oriented toward and dependent upon continuous growth, and one that operates on the fixed assumptions that there are potentially unlimited resources at one end of our economic pipeline and, at the other, a bottomless sink for disposal of wastes. Of course, there is neither. The first inhabitants of California lived for centuries within the limits of their environment, and the Spanish and Mexican economy was oriented more toward stability than growth. Unfortunately, the â€Å"get-rich-quick† mentality of the Gold Rush pioneers who followed them continues to play a role in California even now. The view of the natural world as a place to live, and therefore to care for, has not held its own against the view of nature as something to exploit. We have reached our present dilemma: Now we must balance the need to protect and maintain what is left of California’s once renowned biodiversity against the need to care for the well-being of its human population. Yet protecting nature is no longer merely an option; the survival of humanity depends on the survival of our cohabitants on Earth. How to cite Environmental Protection Program, Essay examples

I Was With ______ When Essay Example For Students

I Was With ______ When Essay Chapter I I was with george in a small town that afternoon. We were playinghorseshoes and we were betting on them horseshoes. As George leaned overthe bench shot a glanceat me and said Watch ya plannin on doinafterwards i told him i was going to hike over to the bunk house andhave a short nap. I looked back at the playing area. I slammed down 5 buckson the wooden betting table over player 1. I heard George yell and scream. 2 seconds later the player i bet on won and i won double. Content with mywinnings i screamed over to George to tell him i was going back to the bunkhouse. George told me to wait up. We left the barn and ran over to seewhere lennie was. We both stopped straight in our tracks we saw somethingthat almost made us faint. Chapter II In front of us stood lennie, he was standing over the slouched curleyswife and was mumbling Ive done another bad thing We asked lennie whatthe heck he did. He just stood there looking at us like we were some alienfrom a diffrent planet. He just started screaming and ran off in thedistance. I told george we had better tell the gang this. We gonna get ourhides whipped when curley finds out about this. A few minutes later whencurley and the gang came over and saw this he said to george You fatSon-of-a-***** you killed my wife. Im going to beat the living daylightsoutta you. George sensing curleys fustration moved back a few feet. Georgestammered I didnt kill your wife it mustve been lennie, The crazy idiotmustve did it. he ran off when we ran to him , i dont believe you, youlying scoundrels ll pay for this'. I shook my hand at George to tell himto run. We suddenly dashed off into the distance. I heard curley yelling atus but we couldnt hear him in out fear of getting kille d. Chapter III When we thought we lost curley a few shotgun blast hit the side of atree as we dashed past it. We were both frightened as hell, but we kept onrunning for our lives. Another 2 shots rang out. As we were running wespotted a cave on the left hand side of the country road and dove in it. Chapter IV Inside the cave was a thin piece of some type of glass. It was glowinga deep red and looked like it was hollow. i put my hand in and it lookedlike it just dissapeared in the glass. I withdrew my hand in fright. Iasked george what it was, he replied with a shrug of his shoulders. We thenheard shotgun blasts again from the outside but this time it was muchcloser than the other blast. George said We better dive in that whateverit is or well get ourselves shot . With that he dived in the blank void. I jumped in after him. I saw a huge amount of swirling colours around meand then it disappeared. I looked at my surroundings. I saw huge metalboxes in the distance and desert sand all around me. the sun was in theearly east which meant it must be sometime in the morning. I felt a tap onmy shoulder. I whirled around and put my hand around the persons neck. Ack. Its me man. George i not no alien. I released my hold. He went on Whatever in that place may be . I started to talk when George interupptedme. Lets go and check them place out . He started to walk, i followedalong. A few hours laters. The metal boxes we had seen earlier were not assmall as before they had rised way over our heads and were huge. We sawpeople like ourselves all around the streets walking. Funny thing thoughthey were wearing funny clothing that seemed to stick to their skins. Wealso saw sliding pieces of glasses in the openings of the boxes. Weapproached a man standing on the street block carry a funny round obje ct. We approached him. I asked him Weres here? . He replied in a strangelanguage whichwe couldnt understand. He took out a small black box andpressed a few buttons. he spoke Je parle fran, He looked a bitagitated and pressed another button Cing mun nay may.., Clickhe pressedanother button. Finally he spoke again Yes, Sorry about that its was myvoice modulation device, what did you want. I said Where are we,Noactually what time is it . He replied Your are in VarysBrook, the timeis 4:30eta, 3046 , What is 3046? , The year 3046, hey whats with thefunky cowboy clothing . Confused with the previous reply we went on. Nottoo soon, two guards came up to us and said You are not citizens ofVarysBrook, or of this time period please come with us . Thinking finallythere was some people who could help us was wrong. They locked us in theback of a small wagon-like moving object, And suddenly the two people gaveus needle shots. I conked out right after. Chapter V I woke up in the middle of a cell room. Probably not bigger than crooksroom back at the ranch. Another one of those people came by and hit a fewbuttons and the the bars that confined me dissapeared. He lead me out ofthe cage and the bars reappeared. I asked him how did he do that. He threwa grunt at me. I remained silent for the rest of the walk. We approachedanother place with a sliding piece of metal on the wall. It opened when heapproached it. He dragged me in. He told me to sit down. I did just that. There was a big table with a rotating chair with its back facing me. Iasked who sits in that seat. The seat rotated and faced me and the person isaw sitting in it frightened me. Chapter VI The man who was sitting in the seat was lennie. I couldnt reckognizehim at first but after i saw his scar on his right arm and then ireckognized immediatly. He started to talk, Ah.. I knew youd come. Youmust be wondering how you got here.. Or maybe how i got here, I can tellyou this much. 1 minute back at the ranch during your period means 1 yearover here. Ive been here for 7 years believe or not. Im no longer thecrazy idiot who keeps on petting rabbits all day long. That dosentmatter now. You must work for me now. You will be one of my many servantsthat will serve me. Hhahaha. . Seizing the opportunity i pulled thegood-luck rock ive been keeping for over 2 years straight at lennies head. I hit right between his eyes and it dazed him. Just enough for me to jumpat the man behind me and tackle him down. I grabbed his strange lookingmachine that he had dropped and ran out of the room. I was searching highand low for Georges cage until i heard a slight buzzing noise behind me. Athin shaft of blue light hit my left leg and i screamed out loud. i droppedto the floor and another shot hit my left arm and another hit my left eye,All went blank. Chapter VII I woke up in a small room totally unlike the other rooms i were inbefore i was hit by thoe shots. As i opened my left eye, i saw somethingthat frightened me. My left eye had a red cross hair on it and indicatorson both sides of my eye. By thinking of commands i could manipulate my eyeto do close up and xray functions. A man came up to me. You were verylucky. George got you here in time or you wouldve died. I must tell you afew things. We barely managed to revive your eye. and your left arm andleg. We have implanted robotic parts in you left arm and leg andimplemented a new FastBrain computer chip controller in the left and righthemispheres of your brain. Your movement ability is 1005Ls and power isincreased to 150 tons. Ive already programmed all the needed knowledgeavailable today.. I felt funny though it was like i new every single wordon the planet and every single language. George came by and said You werebleeding like hell, so man.. i rushed you over to some huge met al buildingand this man said this was a hospital so feeling relieved i said make himbetter quick looks like he dying. The man goes i need 5 million dollarsfor the operation, I said i had no money and they said well we wont healhim. I thought quickly and said hell die. The doctor said many people getkilled every day or sent to his death by lennie. I was going to ask who waslennie. But he left. Luckily though this doctor that saved you said hedesigned a new type of Umm Robotic Equipment said the doctor fillingin for George. Yah.. That its, well anyways he said it in some type ofbeta testing and he needed a tester. He said itll be free. At that in sucha panic i wouldve said yes to anything. George continued I forgot totell you how i got out, well you see when that man took me along thishallway, so i got pissed off and strangled him to death i ran along thehallway trying to find an exit when i see you slumped on the groundbleeding like anything, so i picked you up and brought you he re.. I got upand went up to a mirror to look at myself. The Doctor commented You wontsee any metal parts in your body its all concealed. The Metal is a neworganic mixed alloy so itll grow with you. Suddenly two men crashedthrough the door and started to shoot at us. A Surgeon's Story EssayChapter X We then headed toward the front gate. The skinny man put 2 sticks ofr-bombs on the door and blasted it. We ran through the door and into thestronghold. Suddenly as we entered the stronghold, hundreds of guards cameout and started to shoot at us. Unfortunately 3 members of the group wereshot right in the head. The leader yelled a mercenary cry and startedblasting the guards. I pulled him down just fast enough to escape a shotthe flew overhead. The leader said Theyve killed my 3 buddies!!!!!! Imgoing to extract theyre skulls. I held on to him to stop him from tryingto get up. He punched me in the ribs in his attempt to struggle free, and ilet go just briefly, enough for him to get away. The guards stoppedshooting and locked him up. George was still struggling with the guardswhen he was caught and they conked him out with a rock. Lennie appearedbehind the molten pile of metal and started to laugh, He said Hahaha. Trying to kill me eh No Way youll do that to me! Ill kill you twoby noon.. He went over to george, Man. I thought you and me were friendsand now you betray me. tsk. tsk. Out like a baby . I thought he musthave seen me. That idiot was trying to taunt me to come out, and thenprobably kill me. I remained silent. It seemed like an hour but finallythey went back in and i snuck out of the base without beeing seen. Chapter XI I returned to the underground hideout to study my new strategies. As isat down and poured myself a VSOP Cognac. The leaders daughter came outand i stood up. She asked me where her dad was. I sensed my facialexpression change. I lowered my head and shook it. She cried out No!,That cant be!. Your lying. She ran up to me and started pounding on mychest. I grabbed her by the shoulders and shook her. i said The guardstook him away!, they also got my buddy!. Control Yourself!.. Ill think ofsomething!. She put her head on my shoulder and started to cryuncontrollably. I kept on reassuring her that ill do my best to save thembut she kept on crying and crying. When she finally regained her composure,She told me she was coming along, I told her it would be very dangerounsinside a fortress like that. She was determined to go in and save herfather so we stocked up with weapons and headed back to the fortress forthe final confrontation. Chapter XII We blew up the front gate and walked right into the foreyard we thenwent into the already blown up front door and blasted the second door. Wethen saw guards coming from all directions. We took most of them down. Someof them went back to raise the alarm. We better move fast you betterfollow me. i said. No, To save time im going this way to the prisoncells. You go that way and take care of lennie for good.. Sensing her ideawas more ideal i took off in the direction to lennies office. Fightingthrough 20 levels of guards wasnt an easy task but with my acquiredComputer-Aided-Reflexing its was a cinch. When i finally reached the door. I kicked it open and went in. 2 Humongous robots approached me and startedto shoot me. I jumped onto the ceiling and threw a few coins into themaintenance slot of the robots and they short circuited and failed. Withoutfurther thinking i shot Lennie. The shot hit him in the leg and hecollapsed on the floor. He yelled Dont kill me, Ill reform myself fromnow on. . That few seconds pondering over that question gave him the upperhand. He jumped at me with a survival knife in his right hand. I aimed forhis head and squeezed the trigger. The shot blasted through his forehead. For that split second, All sound seemed to be silenced. All movementstopped. Then it was over, Lennie was dead. Thinking about the land wedreamed about together brought back memories but this wasnt the lennie weused to know. I shook my head to clear the thought. A small voice indicatorfrom the telecom system said Master Non-functional. Base detonation in 1minute. I ran upstairs and saw the three of them. All three were injuredfrom gunshot wounds. George seemed to be dying. He was delirious and had acold sweat. He managed to gasp I broke 3 ribs when i was blocking anexplosion. . I i picked up george and carried him on my back. I then wentto the roof and jumped to the ground i ran 50 meters and put down georgeand i ran back to the base i ran back to the 20th floor. I picked up theboth of them and heard the voice again 2 Seconds . I just managed tojump off the building and run 15 feet away when the whole buildingexploded. Chapter XIII I managed to bring all of them back to the underground hideout. I thentook George to the hospital and paid the fee and within 2 hours he washealed good as new. George said to me Man. Lennie that Bast*** is nowdead, and the town is free again. Chapter XIV After a few days,we managed to find a Time-Rip scientist. He said hecould bring us back to where we were. He asked where do we want to go. Ireplied 1930s Era. Town of Soledad. George looks at me amazed. Thescientist presses a button and a piece of glowing red glass appears. Thesame one that took us here. The scientist says The time rip that broughtyou here was a test i was performing a few years ago. This time warp willbring you back to the same place you came from. A few hours back of course. . George taps me on the shoulder. I turn around and say What? . Georgesays Tell him to send us back a week back so we dont have to be runningaway from Curley when we get back.. I tell that to the scientist and heupdates the data. He asks me ready? I nod, then i walk towards Varhch andsay bye and walk towards his daughter. I asked her I dont think i knowyour name . She tells me Karen Vc . I kiss her on the cheek and then iwalk towards the time-rip portal. Before we manage to jump in the fathercomes toward us and says How about us coming with you back to the 1930s. I look at George and he looks back at me. I say Okay, Thats fine you can see our simple lives back in the 30s . We wave at the scientistfor the last time and leap into the portal. A few seconds later we reappearback inside the cave. Chapter XV We approach the town and everything was like it was when we left. Weapproach the ranch. And the boss comes out. You 4 the new workers here?Okay.. We were expecting you a bit earlier. But your here and thats okay. I winked at George.

Disability Management Practices in Canada

Table of Contents Introduction Work-life balance programs Paramedical and physiotherapy program Insurance programs Offering modified work Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Health, productivity, and well-being of employers and workers in the contemporary society are becoming increasingly vital aspects. The economic, emotional, and social costs of illnesses and injuries are so severe that organisations and governments across the globe are trying to establish practices and policies to alleviate these costs (Akabas and Gates 9).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Disability Management Practices in Canada specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the practices that the government and organisations are adopting is Disability Management (DM). Disability management aims at assisting employees that suffer from illnesses or injuries while in their places of work. Initially, organisations could take staffs suffering from illnesses or injuries to offsite rehabilitation facilities. Nevertheless, the government and organisations are now involved in assisting the affected staff members within an organisation to ensure that their productivity is not affected (Akabas and Gates 11). Numerous countries are currently introducing disability management practices in workplaces, for instance, Canada, Australia, Britain, and the United States. Some of the practices include work-life balance programs, paramedical and physiotherapy programs, insurance programs, and offering modified work to employees who suffer from disabilities. This paper will focus on some of the best disability management practices employed in Canada. Work-life balance programs According to a study conducted on employees that take long before resuming to work after injuries or illnesses, the more such employees stay out of their workplaces, the more their chances of returning to work decrease. Employees that are out of work for over two years h ave 10 per cent chances of returning to the workplaces (Akabas and Gates 12). The work-life balance program is one of the best disability management practices. The program ensures that employees have enough time to relax after working and take adequate leave. This move helps in ensuring that employees do not suffer from work-related problems like stress, depression, and other mental illnesses. A work-life balance program is one of the disability management practices aimed at helping employees cope with the challenges encountered during and after an illness or injury. Whenever an employee suffers an injury or work-related illness and takes long at home, it becomes hard for such an employee to return to the workplace and associate with other employees (Akabas and Gates 13-17). Work-life balance program as one of the disability management practices entails coming up with modalities to accommodate an employee prior to his or her absence.Advertising Looking for report on business e conomics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Before the affected employee is allowed to take leave to cope with the illness or injury, the institution comes up with a program to modify the work schedule or workplace for the affected employee. At times, an employee may not be willing to return to his or her initial place of work due to the humiliation s/he went through initially (Akabas and Gates 19-24). Consequently, institutions with numerous branches may offer the affected employee a chance to work in a different branch. Besides changing the workplace, firms may work with the affected employee to come up with a work schedule that suits him or her, thus ensuring that s/he has adequate time to rest and attend to other personal duties. Through work-life programs, employers establish a work schedule with the help of the affected staff. In return, the staff members feel confident about the company as they acknowledge its concern. Wheneve r an employee takes long to return to his or her workplace after an illness or injury, s/he further suffers from the disgrace of the absence. Besides, it becomes hard to relate with other staff members on returning since s/he fears their reaction. Work-life balance programs seek to alleviate these challenges. They help in ensuring that employees return to work with limited challenges. The program helps in establishing an appropriate method of reintegrating the affected employees into a firm. Besides, the program establishes a working schedule that ensures that staff members have enough time out of their workplaces thus ensuring that they do not suffer from work-related problems. Paramedical and physiotherapy program Besides the work-life balance programs, the government and Canadian organisations are embracing paramedic and physiotherapy programs as another disability management practice. Institutions are turning to physicians to help them in ensuring that staff members that suffer injuries or illnesses at workplaces receive the best treatment and return to workplaces at the right time (Bruyà ¨re and Shrey 227). In the past, employees were only allowed to return to work if their employers learnt that they were capable of handling all job functions. The best thing with paramedical and physiotherapy program is that physicians help firms in coming up with varied accommodations, limitations, and restrictions, thus helping employees return to work within the shortest period after suffering from illnesses or injuries. Paramedical and physiotherapy program is a disability management program that Canadian organisations established to promote cooperation between employers and employees in the event of disabilities or illnesses (Bruyà ¨re and Shrey 22-234). Through the help of physicians, employers and employees come up with strategies to ensure that employees recover quickly from their illnesses or injuries thus returning to work.Advertising We will write a cust om report sample on Disability Management Practices in Canada specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Physicians assist firms to come up with medical inputs like limitations and restrictions to ensure that employees do not suffer from work-related injuries or illnesses. Moreover, the limitations and restrictions help in ensuring that staff members do not resume working while they still suffer from the illness. Physiotherapists help institutions in monitoring the recovery of the affected employees and help organisations in establishing a treatment program for the affected ones. Besides treating the affected employees, the program helps firms in coming up with strategies to prevent chances of other staff members suffering from the same problems (Bruyà ¨re and Shrey 237-242). Organisations use Paramedical and physiotherapy program as one of their disability management practices. Through the help of physicians and physiotherapists, institutions come up with programs to help their employees deal with all kinds of challenges that render them incapable of offering their services to an institution. The program entails establishing limitations and restrictions to ensure that employees do not engage in activities that subject them to health problems. Moreover, it involves treating the affected staff and helping them to recover from the illnesses, thus returning to work on time. Physicians and physiotherapists are indispensable instruments in helping organisations come up with efficient return-to-work programs. In a bid to enhance the success of paramedical and physiotherapy program, firms should establish a system that ensures timely correspondence among employees, employers, and physicians. Moreover, organisations should monitor their staffs regularly to make sure that they identify those suffering early enough and inform the physicians for timely and appropriate response. Insurance programs In Canada, employers work in collab oration with insurers in dealing with disability management. The role played by insurers in helping the employees cope with a disability is of immense help to firms. Insurers help in ensuring that employees encounter a smooth process when returning or leaving the workplace (Creen 5). Moreover, they assist in ensuring that employees do not encounter challenges when switching from one category of disability to another. Insurers are increasingly coming up with measures to address the ever-changing claims situation.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The benefit of insurance is that it helps employees receive their claims without difficulties, thus being capable of accessing medical attention on time (Creen 7). In return, employees do not take a lot of time away from the workplace. Another benefit of this program is that it saves employees from discrimination by ensuring that confidential information about their health does not leak to the employers. Insurance program involves a healthy interaction between the insurance agents and employers. With assistance from employers, insurers come up with tailored disability management programs for various employees. The insurer allocates a devoted disability team to an organisation. This team works closely with employers to identify the challenges facing employees and come up with measures to address the same. In addition, through this program, insurers help firms come up with absence management practices and create a stable return-to-work formula (Creen 6). Employers and insurers attend regular workshops, which equip them with requisite skills for dealing with intricate disabilities like mental disorders. The program gives employers and insurers an opportunity to monitor how the affected employees are responding to treatment and organise for further consultations, thus ensuring that employees recover from the disabilities within the shortest time possible. Currently, insurers are working with employers to establish rehabilitation programs and early intervention mechanisms to facilitate in curbing disabilities (Creen 7-9). Besides, they are establishing training and mentorship programs to help employees deal with challenges that result in disabilities. Insurance program as one of the disability management practices helps Canadian employees receive timely medical attention whenever they suffer from any disability at workplaces. Employers work with insurers to ensure that employees receive financial assistance within the shortest time possible. Besides, they monitor e mployees to see that they recover from the disability and organise for further consultations in case they realise that an employee is not recovering as expected. The insurance program not only helps in addressing the disability problems that employees face in Canadian institutions, but also in avoiding chances of employee discrimination by protecting confidential information about their health. Offering modified work One of the key features of disability management practices is offering modified work to employees suffering from any disability. Rather than dismissing the affected employee, an organisation may make some alterations on job specifications of the affected employee (Westmorland and Buys 31). Modification may entail cutting down on the workload, reducing the number of hours worked, or assigning the affected employee to a less demanding task. The main reason why this practice is among the best disability management practices is that, it helps institutions maintain their pro ductivity by ensuring that they continue exploiting the affected employees’ skills. Besides, the practice saves the company from the costs associated with hiring and training new employees (Westmorland and Buys 33). Another benefit of offering modified work to employees suffering from disabilities is that it helps in reducing chances of firms entering into conflicts with employees, which may ruin the organisational reputation. In Canada, most organisations turn to work modification as one of the disability management practices. Some of the factors that lead to employees suffering from disabilities include workload and the number of hours worked per week. Employees working in highly demanding jobs tend to suffer from numerous disabilities like backache (Westmorland and Buys 35-38). Therefore, to deal with this disability, firms reduce the number of hours the affected employee works in a week. At times, organisations may move the affected employee to a less demanding job to fac ilitate in his or her recovery. Moreover, they make the working environment more flexible to help the employee take a rest at intervals during the working hours. Firms allow their employees to have job control as a mechanism to reduce chances of most of them suffering from work-related disabilities (Westmorland and Buys 39-40). Employers allow their staff to modify their workplaces to enhance their working conditions. Offering modified work is one of the strategies of disability management practices in Canada. Organisations modify works for individuals suffering from disabilities as a way of helping them return to their full potential with limited difficulties. The practice entails reducing the workload, number of hours the affected employee works for per week, and transferring the affected employee to a less demanding job. For effective disability management through offering modified work, it is imperative that employers involve the affected employees in coming up with the most app ropriate modifications. Conclusion Organisations are currently switching to disability management practices as one of the methods of dealing with work-related injuries and disabilities. In Canada, organisations use numerous disability management practices. These practices include work-life balance programs, paramedic and physiotherapy programs, insurance programs, and offering modified work to employees who suffer from disabilities. All these measures facilitate in ensuring that employees who suffer from work-related disabilities return to work with limited difficulties. The practices help institutions overcome costs associated with hiring and training new employees; besides, they help organisations preserve their reputation by ensuring that they do not conflict with their employees. Works Cited Akabas, Sheila, and Lauren Gates. â€Å"Organisational commitment: the key to successful disability management.† American Rehabilitation 16.3 (2006): 9-24. Print. Bruyà ¨re, Susanne, and Donald Shrey. â€Å"Disability management in Industry: A Joint Labor-Management Process.† Rehabilitation Counselling Bulletin 34.3 (2007): 227-242. Print. Creen, Marg. â€Å"Best practices for disability management.† Journal of the Ontario  Occupational Health Nurses Association 2.4 (2002): 5-9. Print. Westmorland, Muriel, and Nicholas Buys. â€Å"A comparison of disability management practices in Australian and Canadian workplaces.† Works 23.1 (2004): 31-41. Print. This report on Disability Management Practices in Canada was written and submitted by user Karly Bernard to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Pond Weed Investigation essays

Pond Weed Investigation essays The effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis in Canadian Pondweed Elodea sp. In this investigation I plan to investigate how temperature effects the rate of photosynthesis in Canadian pond weed, this will be achieved by comparing the amount of oxygen produced by the pondweed at different temperatures. It will be a fair test and my only independent variable will be the different temperatures of water the pondweed will be submerged in. I am choosing different temperatures as my independent variable because I know from past experiments that different temperatures affect the enzyme activity and therefore the rate of photosynthesis. This experiment is also the most straightforward to set up and carry out, this means that extra time will be available to spend on repeats and extremely accurate results. All other factors of the experiment remain constant; the weight of pond weed, the light density, the colour of the light, the method of collecting the results (measuring the volume of displaced water in an upturned measuring tube) and the acclimation time of 2 minutes. The dependent variable is the volume of oxygen produced by the pondweed, this is measured by the amount of water displaced in an upturned measuring tube. The volume of oxygen produced is directly proportional to the rate o f photosynthesis, so having worked out the rate I can compare the different temperatures. First I will set up the apparatus, this consists of: a water bath at 20Â °c, in this bath is a fermenting tube with the sample of pondweed inside and 20cm3 of water. The delivery tubing leads to another water container and to an upturned measuring tube. I leave the pondweed to photosynthesise for two minutes and then record the level of the water in the measuring tube, the pondweed is needed to be left for the two minute period to allow it to start functioning at the temperature. I then leave the pondweed to respire for three minutes, after this time I ...

FDA regulation and application submission process for new drugs Term Paper

FDA regulation and application submission process for new drugs - Term Paper Example Developing a drug for wide use such as a breast cancer drug follows a certain method. The development of any medication is test intensive. We send evidence from these tests to prove the drug is safe and effective. Experts will review our data. Once this independent review establishes the products health benefits outweigh the risks, the drug may be approved. Before a drug can be tested in people, we perform laboratory and animal tests to investigate how it works and how likely it is to be safe. The human testing is conducted to investigate effectiveness. Orphan drug development is similar in some ways but different in others. To apply for orphan drug designation, we must complete a number of additional steps. First, we have to specify the disease. Next, we must submit the appropriate documents including our name and address, our contact person with title, address, and phone number as well as the name of the drug. Furthermore, we need to provide a description of the target disease, the indications for use of the drug, and the reasons why the drug is necessary to treat the disease. We must provide specific scientific rationale including all data from cynical and nonclinical studies and additional sources available whether positive, negative, or inconclusive. Copies of pertinent unpublished and published papers are required. We must document how the disease affects fewer than 200,000 people in the United States. For a drug intended for a disease affecting 200,000 or more people, we must provide rationale why there would be no expectation that costs of research and development of the drug for the indication c ould be recovered by sales of the drug in the United States. ... tionale why there would be no expectation that costs of research and development of the drug for the indication could be recovered by sales of the drug in the United States. In essence, we would follow all of the protocols of developing the drug for non-orphan status but with a few additional considerations. Questions remain as to why it might be prudent to develop the new drug as an orphan. First, there are certain government incentives to following this route. Government provides tax breaks, enhanced patent protection and marketing rights, as well as clinical research financial subsidization. Furthermore, it provides slightly relaxed statistical standards under the assumption that subjects with the disease in question may not be plentiful enough to derive a very large sample for testing. Still, there are ethical considerations. What if more people are helped otherwise We have a social responsibility to distribute a health benefiting drug to as many people who need it as possible. To develop under orphan drug protocol would limit the number breast cancer patients who might benefit from the drug. Although there are operational and financial motivations for developing the drug under the orphan guidelines, they should not necessarily be the only considerations that play into our decision. Thinking on certain questions about the prudence of following one drug development protocol versus another has been reported here. We have examined how ways to submit a drug application for a novel anticancer molecule showing evidence of efficacy in leiomyosarcoma. We briefly outlined the differences in approaches to develop this product. One approach is that of applying for orphan drug development. The other is that of developing the drug for breast cancer. We also explored certain

JBuilder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

JBuilder - Essay Example The JBuilder 2007 Turbo Edition offers a free turnkey developer-focused Java IDE which can easily be upgraded with JBuilders RAD productivity, code performance, and team development features. (CodeGearâ„ ¢ Announces New Developer-focused Release of Award-winning JBuilder ® 2007 Integrated Development Environment) JBuilder 2007 works more easily with Windows XP and Windows 2003 and also it includes a Team Server which can be helpful in the development and management of source code, project planning and also upgrading options are immense with JBuilder 2007. The current version of JBuilder is compatible with the older version and hence the developers can easily switch over to the latest version of JBuilder without many troubles. JBuilder and Microsoft’s Front Page are two HTML editors, but they are following entirely different philosophies in their approaches. Front Page follows the philosophy of WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) whereas the JBuilder going further with their philosophy which can even surprise the java developers with its immense capabilities. Front Page is capable of guiding the website designers who is in their beginning stages of web development; but its capabilities in managing a team of developers across the world are limited. But JBuilder can easily accomplish this mission. As most of the projects entering the business world at present require team involvements from different countries, especially because of the globalization policies, JBuilder is the choice for many developers at present. Web size problems seem to be most critical one when using Front Page. If the web size is too heavy it often cause errors while loading the page. If the internet connection is slow, the problem will be more complex. JBuilder has eliminated all such problems and even websites with heavy graphic files can be opened easily if it is developed using JBuilder because of JBuilder’s increased capabilities in handling

Discussion Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 33

Discussion - Coursework Example In this regards, APNs play a key role in enhancing EBP adoption as it remains more as an ideal rather than a reality in many clinical care setting. In my unit, an advanced practice nurse is important in enhancing the adoption of evidence-based practice through facilitating the appropriate organizational culture and leadership. It is crucial for the unit to appoint leaders and staff that recognize and value evidence-based practice and research utilization in improving care provision. This can be further achieved by educating the staff on the importance of EBP utilization and possible ways of adoption. Facilitation and support in the process are also crucial. Thus, an advanced practice nurse has a role in ensuring that the necessary resources and conditions are available to attain success in the unit. This includes the provision of the appropriate time of practicing EBP and ensuring that the correct number of staff (staffing) are available in enhancing the process. Moreover, the advanced practice nurse has a role in enhancing further research in my unit to determine any additional factors that may influence or facilitate the adop tion of EBP. Advanced practice nurse have been noted to be on the frontline of utilizing EBP in the clinical setting in promoting the patients safety and their knowledge is crucial in promoting such practices among other teams such as my unit (Gerrish et al., 2012). Fagerstrà ¶m, L., & Glasberg, A. L. (2011). The first evaluation of the advanced practice nurse role in Finland - the perspective of nurse leaders. Journal of Nursing Management, 19, 925–932. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2011.01280.x Gerrish, K., Nolan, M., Mcdonnell, A., Tod, A., Kirshbaum, M., & Guillaume, L. (2012). Factors Influencing Advanced Practice Nurses’ Ability to Promote Evidence-Based Practice among Frontline Nurses. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 9, 30–39.

Analysis of Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Analysis of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) 1.3 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS 34, 35 Trans-Pacific Partnership economic framework agreement has clearly defined that many studies must be conducted to develop a formulation. Design of experiments (DOE) has proven to be an effective tool for formulation scientists throughout the many stages of the formulation process. At every step of formulation development, DOE can aid in making intelligent decisions. These steps include excipient compatibility studies, process feasibility studies, formulation optimization, process optimization, scale-up and manufacturing process characterization. Lastly, the product and manufacturing process must be validated before it is on the market. The word optimize is defined as, making as perfect, effective or functional as possible. Optimization may be interpreted as to find out the value of controllable independent variable, that gives the most desired value of dependent variables. The application of formulation optimization techniques is relatively new to the practice of pharmacy when used intelligently, with the common sense, these â€Å"statistical† methods will broaden the perspective of the formulation process. At the Preformulation stage, before any experiment is conducted certain problem arises, it is often not known before hand which variable will significantly influence the response. Screening designs and ANOVA helps to solve this problem. A second serious complication may arise with new excipients and new process factor, for which qualitative or quantitative effects are not known and are unpredictable. The following questions must be answered before choosing any design of experiment. The third complication is that formulated products, in particular dosage form has to confirm to several requirements, very often competing. The formulator has to trade off objectives and choose a compromise. A fourth problem is the lack of insight` to perform an adequate optimization studies. Above all in the performance of an optimization study, the formulation development scientist can also be a factor as personal variation. 1.3.1 Terms used in Design of experiments Variables These are the measurements, values, which are characteristics of the data. There are two types of variables; dependent variables and independent variables. Independent variables(X) are set in advance, which are not influenced by any other values e.g., Lubricants concentration, drug to polymer ratio, etc. Dependent variables(Y) are the outcome variables, influenced by the independent variables e.g., hardness, dissolution rate, etc. Factor Factor is an assigned variable such as concentration, temperature, lubricant agent, drug to polymer ratio, polymer to polymer ratio or polymer grade. A factor can be qualitative or quantitative. A quantitative factor has a numerical value to it for example, concentration (1%, 2%†¦ so on), drug to polymer ratio (1:1, 1:2†¦etc). Qualitative factors are the factors, which are not numerical value, for example, the polymer grade, humidity condition, type of equipment, etc. these are discrete in nature. Levels The levels of a factor are the values or designation assigned to the factor. For e.g. in concentration (factor) 1 % will be one level, while 2% will be another level. Two different plasticizers are levels for grade factor. Usually levels are indicated as low, middle or high level. Normally for ease of calculation the numeric and discrete levels are converted to –1 (low level) and +1 (high level).The general formula for this conversion is Where ‘X’ is the numeric value Response Response is mostly interpreted as the outcome of an experiment. It is the effect, which we are going to evaluate i.e. Disintegration time, duration of buoyancy, etc. Effect The effect of a factor is the change in response caused by varying the levels of the factor. This describes the relationship between various factors and levels. Interaction Interaction is also similar to effect, which gives the overall effect of two or more variables (factors) on a response. For example, the combined effect of lubricants (factor) and glidants (factor) on hardness (response) of a tablet. In the trial and error method, a lot of formulations have to be prepared to get a conclusion, which involves lots of money, time and energy. These can be minimized by the use of optimization technique. 1.3.2 Optimization Process Generally optimization process involves the following steps. Based on the previous knowledge or experience or from literature, the independent variables are determined and set in the beginning. Selection of a suitable model, based on the results of the factor, screening is done. The experiments are designed and conducted. The responses are analyzed by ANOVA, test on lack of fit, to get an empirical mathematical model for each individual response. The responses are screened, by using multiple criteria to get the values of independent variables. Experimental Design Experimental design is a statistical design that prescribes or advises a set of combination of variables. The number and layout of these design points within the experimental region, depends on the number of effects that must be estimated. Depending on the number of factors, their levels, possible interactions and order of the model, various experimental designs are chosen. Each experiment can be represented as a point within the experimental domain, the point being defined by its co-ordinate (the value given to the variables) in the space. 1.3.3 Response Surface Methodology Response surface methodology (RSM) is an experimental strategy that was developed in the 1950’s36. RSM is comprised of a group of mathematical and statistical techniques that are based on fitting experimental data generated from studies established using an experimental design, to empirical models and that are subsequently used to define a relationship between the responses observed and the independent input variables37, 38. RSM is able to define the effect of independent variables alone and in combination with the manufacturing processes under investigation. A typical RSM study begins initially with the definition of a problem to be investigated and involves establishing which variables and associated responses are to be studied, monitored, and measured and how these will be measured. A summary of the subsequent RSM approach includes36 Performance of the relevant DOE. Estimation of the coefficient in the relevant response surface equation. Checking of the adequacy of the equation to describe the fit. Studying the response surface to identify and evaluate the region(s) of interest. The term RSM originates from the graphical perspective generated after fitness of the mathematical model has been established 37, 38 with a graphical representation of the data presented primarily as a three-dimensional (3D) image and/or as contour plots39. The relationship between a response and an input variable can be described by Equation 1.1 y= f(x1, x2, x3†¦xn) +ÃŽ µ Where, y = relevant response f = unknown function of a response x1, x2,..xn = independent variables n= number of independent variables ÃŽ µ = statistical error that represents other sources of variability not accounted for by f Contour plot can be described as: i. Mound-shaped that has elliptical contours with a stationary point at the position of a maximum response. ii. Saddle-shaped that has a hyperbolic system of contours with a stationary point that is neither a maximum nor minimum point. iii. Constant (stationary) ridge response surface in which the contours are presented as concentric elongated ellipses with a stationary point in the region of the design region. iv. A rising (or falling) ridge response surface with a stationary point that is outside the design region 39. The stationary point is a combination of design variables where the surface presents as either a maximum and/or a minimum in all directions. If the stationary point is a maximum in one direction and minimum in another direction, the stationary point is termed a saddle point. When the surface is curved in one direction but is fairly constant and this is considered a ridge response 40. By plotting a response, y, against one or two input variables a surface, known as the response surface can be generated in two or three dimensions. In general the form of the function, f, is unknown and may be very complicated depending on the effect of the input variables on the response. Therefore RSM aims at approximating f by use of a suitable, ordered polynomial equation in some region(s) of the values for the independent process variables41. The mathematical or polynomial equations that describe the relationship(s) between the independent and dependent variables may be first, second or third order, depending on how the output variables or responses react to changes in the input variables. If the response is a linear function of the independent variables, then the function can be written as a first order model (Equation 1.2). In this model the response variables that fit a linear model are generally variables that are significantly affected by a small change in the value of the input factors and that exhibit little or no interaction(s) between the input variable terms. y= ÃŽ ²0+ ÃŽ ²1x1+ ÃŽ ²2x2+†¦..+ ÃŽ µ Second order equations are used to generate linear and quadratic response equations that exhibit interactions between the input factors and can be represented by Equation 1.3. y= ÃŽ ²0+ ÃŽ ²1x1+ ÃŽ ²2x2+ ÃŽ ²12x12+†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦+ ÃŽ µ It has been reported that second order models are also applicable to input factors that exhibit extensive variability over an experimental domain and these relationships are best described using Equation 1.4 y= ÃŽ ²0+ ÃŽ ²1x1+ ÃŽ ²2x2+ ÃŽ ²12x12+ ÃŽ ²11x12+ ÃŽ ²22x22+†¦..+ ÃŽ µ Where y= response x1, x2,..xn = input factors ÃŽ ²0= constant that represents the intercept ÃŽ ²i= coefficient of first order term ÃŽ ²ii= coefficient of second order term ÃŽ ²ij= coefficient of second order interaction The values of the coefficients in the model are generated through multiple linear regression analysis of the data that has been collected. A coefficient with a positive value points to an agonistic effect of the input factor on the response, whereas coefficients with negative values indicate an antagonistic effect. 1.3.4 Choice of Response Surface Design Central Composite Design (CCD) A CCD was originally presented by Box and Wilson and is based on a factorial design with additional points to estimate the curvature of that design. CCD encompasses a full factorial or fractional factorial approach which can be represented, as shown in Figure 1.1, as the eight corners of a cube. There are the six points, known as the axial or star points, located in the centre of each face of the cube with a final point located in the middle of the cube that is known as the centre point 37. The axial points are experimental runs where all but one of the factors to be investigated is set at the intermediate level under consideration. The axial points are all equidistant from the centre point and are denoted using the symbol, alpha (ÃŽ ±). The factors under consideration are usually investigated at five different levels and are always represented by coded values viz., -ÃŽ ±, -1, 0, +1 and +ÃŽ ±. Figure 1.1Schematic diagram representing the levels studied in a Central Composite Design The distance of the axial points from the centre point is dependent on the number of factors investigated in the design and is established using Equation 1.5. ÃŽ ± =2k/4 Where, k= the factor number ÃŽ ± = axial point The number of experiments required for a CCD approach is calculated using Equation 1.6 N= k2+ 2k+ C0 Where, N= the experiment number k= the factor number C0= the replicate number of the central point The number of experiments required in an experimental study is important as it determines how much data will be generated, in addition to being an indicator of the amount of time that will be required to conduct the study. Types of central composite design Central composite design can be divided into three types. Table 1.2 Types of central composite design Box-Behnken Design (BBD) The BBD describes a class of second-order designs based on a three-level incomplete factorial approach which are also represented as coded values viz., -1, 0 and +1 42 . In this design approach, the treatment combinations are located at the midpoint(s) of the edge of the process space and at the centre, as represented in Figure 1.2. Figure 1.2 Schematic diagram representing the levels studied in a Box-Behnken Design The number of experiments for Box-Behnken Designs can be calculated using Equation 1.7. N= 2k (k-1) +C0 Where, N= the number of experiments k= the factor number C0= the replicate number of the central point For experiments in which there are three or less input variables the BBD design offers some advantage over the CCD approach, in that a fewer number of experimental runs are required. However this advantage does not exist when four or more parameters are to be investigated. A further advantage of BBD is that it does not include the need to evaluate situations in which all factors are simultaneously held at their highest and lowest levels. The use of a BBD therefore allows a formulation scientist to avoid undertaking experiments that are to performed under extreme conditions and that may produce substandard results due to the inclusion of data generated from these extreme high and low levels 37. Doehlert Design The Doehlert design is an experimental design approach in which different factors can be studied at different levels simultaneously43. This aspect of the Doehlert design is an important characteristic when using some input variables that may be subject to restrictions such as for example cost or experimental constraints (limited amounts of raw material or limited amount of time available) thereby making it a practical and economic alternative to other, second-order experimental design approaches37.This design describes a circular domain of two input variables, a spherical domain for three input variables and a hyper-spherical space for situations in which more than three input variables are to be investigated and which highlights the uniformity of the input variables to be studied in the experimental domain 37. The schematic design space of a Doehlert design for two variables is shown in Figure 1.3, and is represented by a central point and six points of a regular hexagon. An interesting feature of the Doehlert design is that new factors may be introduced during the course of a study without losing relevant and/or valuable information from the data already generated from the experimental runs that have already been completed. Figure 1.3 Schematic diagram representing the levels studied in a Doehlert Design The number of experiments required for a Doehlert design is determined using Equation 1.8 37 N= k2+ k+ C0 Where, N= the number of experiments k= the factor number C0= the replicate number of the central point 1.3.5 Mathematical Optimization Optimization is a mathematical method used to determine an optimum response and is defined as the most advantageous state of existence of the system under investigation44. Multiple linear regression equations generated from statistically designed experiments provide a description of the change of a response with a change in input factors and further, allows for the determination of input variables that will produce an optimized response. A difficulty that occurs in optimization procedures is the need to establish a compromise between the anticipated response variables. This challenge is often encountered in the process of optimization of tablets where the optimum tablet may be one that has superior strength and little or no friability, yet must also have a short disintegration time. Often an increase in tablet hardness results in an increase in the disintegration time of a tablet and therefore a compromise between these contradictory response variables is necessary to achieve an optimized formulation. 1.3.6 Advantages of RSM The primary advantage of RSM in relation to classical experimental methods and approaches of data evaluation in which only one variable is investigated at a time, is that a large amount of information can be generated from a relatively small number of experiments 38. RSM is therefore less time and cost consuming than the classical approach that requires a large number of experiments to be conducted to be able to explain the behavior of a system 38, 39. A further advantage, with the use of RSM is that it is possible to observe interaction effects of the independent input parameters on the response(s) being monitored 38. The model equation that is generated from the data is able to be used to explain the effect of combinations of independent input variables on the outcome of a process or product. 1.3.7 Disadvantages of RSM A primary disadvantage of RSM is that fitting data to a second order polynomial for systems that contain some curvature is often not well accommodated by the second order polynomials that are produced. If the system cannot be explained by a first or second order polynomial, it may be necessary to reduce the range of independent input variables under consideration as this may then increase the accuracy of the model being considered38. Another disadvantage is that although RSM has the potential to evaluate interaction effects of the independent input parameters, it is unable to be used to explain why an interaction(s) has occurred (210). A further disadvantage is that RSM is poor at predicting the potential outcomes for a system operated outside the range of study under consideration45 1.3.8 Software for Design of experiments Many commercial software packages are available which are either dedicated to experimental design alone or are of a more general statistical type. Software’s dedicated to experimental designs DESIGN EXPERT ECHIP MULTI-SIMPLEX NEMRODW Software for general statistical nature SAS MINITAB

White Mans Image :: essays research papers

This program is part of the PBS series American Experience. In this episode, a critical eye is cast on the early efforts by Congress to "civilize" Native Americans. This homogenization process required the removal of Native American children from their homes and placing them in special Indian schools. Forced to stay for years at a time without returning home, children were required to eschew their own language and culture and learn instead the ways of the white man. Archival photographs and clips, newspaper accounts, journals, personal recollections, and commentary by historians relate the particulars of this era in American History and its ultimate demise. ~ Rose of Sharon Winter, All Movie Guide In 1875, Captain Richard Pratt began an ambitious experiment that involved teaching Indians in Florida to read and write English, putting them in uniforms and drilling them like soldiers. "Kill the Indian and save the man," was Pratt's motto. With the blessing of Congress, Pratt expanded his program by establishing the Carlisle School for Indian Students. Native Americans who attended these schools help tell the story of an experiment gone bad and its consequences for a generation of Indians. In 1875, Captain Richard Pratt escorted 72 Indian warriors suspected of murdering white settlers to Fort Marion in St. Augustine, Florida. Once there, Pratt began an ambitious experiment which involved teaching the Indians to read and wri te English, putting them in uniforms and drilling them like soldiers. "Kill the Indian and save the man," was Pratt's motto. News of Pratt's experiment spread. With the blessing of Congress, Pratt expanded his program by establishing the Carlisle School for Indian Students to continue his "civilizing" mission. Although liberal policy for the times, Pratt's school was a form of cultural genocide. The schools continued into the '30s until administrators saw that the promised opportunities for Indian students would not materialize, threat they would not become "imitation white men." Native Americans who attended the schools help tell the story of a humanist experiment gone bad, and its consequences for a generation of Discover the tragic, long-term consequences of attempts to "civilize" Native Americans in the 1870s at the Carlisle School for Indians.

Metamorphosis

This tale depicts the struggles of Franz Kava's life. Kafka Is essentially Gregory because Kava's father considered him a failure for wanting to become a writer rather than a businessman. The temperament of Kava's father is very similar to that of Cargoes father. Gregory is presented as an exaggeration of Kava's life. Kafka seems to have felt like a creature trapped in a room and could not leave in order to escape further abuse. The Metamorphosis is no more than a hyperbole for the emotional and physical abuse that Kava's family put him through.Early on in Burnoose's translation, the sorrows and hardships that Gregory eels are reflected upon: â€Å"Good Lord,† he thought, â€Å"what an exhausting profession Vie chosen. Day in and day out on the road. Work like this is far more unsettling than business conducted at home, and then I have the agony of traveling itself to contend with: worrying about train connections, the irregular, and unpalatable meals, and human intercourse t hat is constantly changing, never developing the least constancy or warmth.Devil take it all! † (Breakfronts) Gregory is clearly unhappy with his profession as Kafka was unhappy In the field of business and wanted to become the write that he longed to be. Gorge's transformation or metamorphosis can be perceived as a hypothetical situation. Gregory morphing into an insect could be what Kafka sees happening when telling his family that he wants to be a writer. Gregory feels that he has failed his family and they are ashamed of him, even at points not even sure that the insect is still Gregory.This represents his family's theoretical disobedient of him if he were to quit the path of business for a writing career. This scene Is reinforced In Peter Supper's graphic representation of Kava's The Metamorphosis. This Idea Is graphically represented from pages 9-17 In Supers adaptation. In Burnoose's translation, this idea took up about half a page, which is vastly different form the gr aphic novel. Super clearly spent a lot of time on this scene and decided to make the salesman in the comic to look much like Franz Kafka.The graphics show Gregory constantly being belittled and unhappy. Gregory is shown to be a ticking time bomb. On page 17 in Supper's version, Gorge's father is seen for the first time In a very Intimidating and demanding tone while he bangs on Gorge's door, yelling â€Å"GREGORY, Greatcoat's going on? † (Super 1 7) It is interesting that Super makes the human version of Gregory to look like Kafka and for the father to be a very frightening character.Later on in part two, short after Gregory startles his mother causing her to faint, a violent interaction occurs between Gregory and his father: â€Å"All at once something flew to the rug beside him, casually flung, and rolled horror, Gregory stopped in his tracks; there was no point continuing to run now that his father had decided to bombard him†¦. The petite red apples rolled around the floor as id electrified, knocking into each other. One lightly lobbed apple grazed Gorge's back and slid off again harmlessly. But it was immediately followed by another that embedded itself in his back. (Burnooses 84) This is relatable to the life of Franz Kafka. Kava's father was so obsessed with the idea of Franz become a businessman like he was that he beat him when he found out that he wanted to be a writer instead. The â€Å"insect† that Gregory could be seen as the failure of a businessman that Kava's father saw in him. Also it is interesting that Kava's weapon of choice was an apple. The apple, biblically, is a weapon of evil as seen in the story of Adam and Eve. This scene happens relatively fast in Supper's graphic novel from pages 47-50.Super made the father look very angry, towering, and mean, while making Gregory look defenseless and confused about what is being done to him. This could be depicted as Kafka being beaten for not being what he was expected to be by his father. Kafka does not understand why he is beaten abused as Gregory seems to feel judging by the images in the graphic novel along with the many â€Å"? s† in thought bubbles. Super seems to have glossed over many scenes included in Burnoose's translation of The Metamorphosis. Super seems to focus more on Gorge's interactions with his family and briefly time within the head of Gregory.It is understood that Super uses a different translation than that of Burnoose's. Super tends to make scenes more intense and dark as compared to Burnooses and that could very well be a result of the use of a different translation. English translations of Kava's novel cannot be exactly translated over to English. These translations have a lot of open room to input personal perceptions of scenes by the authors. Super clearly uses artistic styles in his graphic representation. Super explicitly makes retain scenes all over the place if it is meant to be that way.In. Some cases he gives many f lashes such as the scene where Gregory dies (Super 69), but on the next two pages Super spreads the scene throughout two pages. He makes the scene dark, but has light and clarity shining through, which is something Gregory experiences less as the story unfolds and he deteriorates (Super If Super wants the reader to understand that the scene is significant, he made it large and with less going on, using pages 70-71 and pages 78-79 as examples. Gregory Same is comparable to Franz Kafka in so many ways.This is seen throughout both translations of The Metamorphosis as discussed. Gregory is a failure to his family as Kafka was a failure in the eyes of his father. Gorge's metamorphosis is Kafka becoming a writer and his family cannot accept him for who he really is, which ultimately leads to his deterioration and death. Burnooses chose to make this novel more focused on the thoughts of Gregory and the solitude of his room while Super includes mostly family/ human interactions in a very da rk and intense manner. The Metamorphosis is an allegory that depicts the twisted life of Franz Kafka. Metamorphosis This tale depicts the struggles of Franz Kava's life. Kafka Is essentially Gregory because Kava's father considered him a failure for wanting to become a writer rather than a businessman. The temperament of Kava's father is very similar to that of Cargoes father. Gregory is presented as an exaggeration of Kava's life. Kafka seems to have felt like a creature trapped in a room and could not leave in order to escape further abuse. The Metamorphosis is no more than a hyperbole for the emotional and physical abuse that Kava's family put him through.Early on in Burnoose's translation, the sorrows and hardships that Gregory eels are reflected upon: â€Å"Good Lord,† he thought, â€Å"what an exhausting profession Vie chosen. Day in and day out on the road. Work like this is far more unsettling than business conducted at home, and then I have the agony of traveling itself to contend with: worrying about train connections, the irregular, and unpalatable meals, and human intercourse t hat is constantly changing, never developing the least constancy or warmth.Devil take it all! † (Breakfronts) Gregory is clearly unhappy with his profession as Kafka was unhappy In the field of business and wanted to become the write that he longed to be. Gorge's transformation or metamorphosis can be perceived as a hypothetical situation. Gregory morphing into an insect could be what Kafka sees happening when telling his family that he wants to be a writer. Gregory feels that he has failed his family and they are ashamed of him, even at points not even sure that the insect is still Gregory.This represents his family's theoretical disobedient of him if he were to quit the path of business for a writing career. This scene Is reinforced In Peter Supper's graphic representation of Kava's The Metamorphosis. This Idea Is graphically represented from pages 9-17 In Supers adaptation. In Burnoose's translation, this idea took up about half a page, which is vastly different form the gr aphic novel. Super clearly spent a lot of time on this scene and decided to make the salesman in the comic to look much like Franz Kafka.The graphics show Gregory constantly being belittled and unhappy. Gregory is shown to be a ticking time bomb. On page 17 in Supper's version, Gorge's father is seen for the first time In a very Intimidating and demanding tone while he bangs on Gorge's door, yelling â€Å"GREGORY, Greatcoat's going on? † (Super 1 7) It is interesting that Super makes the human version of Gregory to look like Kafka and for the father to be a very frightening character.Later on in part two, short after Gregory startles his mother causing her to faint, a violent interaction occurs between Gregory and his father: â€Å"All at once something flew to the rug beside him, casually flung, and rolled horror, Gregory stopped in his tracks; there was no point continuing to run now that his father had decided to bombard him†¦. The petite red apples rolled around the floor as id electrified, knocking into each other. One lightly lobbed apple grazed Gorge's back and slid off again harmlessly. But it was immediately followed by another that embedded itself in his back. (Burnooses 84) This is relatable to the life of Franz Kafka. Kava's father was so obsessed with the idea of Franz become a businessman like he was that he beat him when he found out that he wanted to be a writer instead. The â€Å"insect† that Gregory could be seen as the failure of a businessman that Kava's father saw in him. Also it is interesting that Kava's weapon of choice was an apple. The apple, biblically, is a weapon of evil as seen in the story of Adam and Eve. This scene happens relatively fast in Supper's graphic novel from pages 47-50.Super made the father look very angry, towering, and mean, while making Gregory look defenseless and confused about what is being done to him. This could be depicted as Kafka being beaten for not being what he was expected to be by his father. Kafka does not understand why he is beaten abused as Gregory seems to feel judging by the images in the graphic novel along with the many â€Å"? s† in thought bubbles. Super seems to have glossed over many scenes included in Burnoose's translation of The Metamorphosis. Super seems to focus more on Gorge's interactions with his family and briefly time within the head of Gregory.It is understood that Super uses a different translation than that of Burnoose's. Super tends to make scenes more intense and dark as compared to Burnooses and that could very well be a result of the use of a different translation. English translations of Kava's novel cannot be exactly translated over to English. These translations have a lot of open room to input personal perceptions of scenes by the authors. Super clearly uses artistic styles in his graphic representation. Super explicitly makes retain scenes all over the place if it is meant to be that way.In. Some cases he gives many f lashes such as the scene where Gregory dies (Super 69), but on the next two pages Super spreads the scene throughout two pages. He makes the scene dark, but has light and clarity shining through, which is something Gregory experiences less as the story unfolds and he deteriorates (Super If Super wants the reader to understand that the scene is significant, he made it large and with less going on, using pages 70-71 and pages 78-79 as examples. Gregory Same is comparable to Franz Kafka in so many ways.This is seen throughout both translations of The Metamorphosis as discussed. Gregory is a failure to his family as Kafka was a failure in the eyes of his father. Gorge's metamorphosis is Kafka becoming a writer and his family cannot accept him for who he really is, which ultimately leads to his deterioration and death. Burnooses chose to make this novel more focused on the thoughts of Gregory and the solitude of his room while Super includes mostly family/ human interactions in a very da rk and intense manner. The Metamorphosis is an allegory that depicts the twisted life of Franz Kafka.