Disability Management Practices in Canada

Table of Contents Introduction Work-life balance programs Paramedical and physiotherapy program Insurance programs Offering modified work Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Health, productivity, and well-being of employers and workers in the contemporary society are becoming increasingly vital aspects. The economic, emotional, and social costs of illnesses and injuries are so severe that organisations and governments across the globe are trying to establish practices and policies to alleviate these costs (Akabas and Gates 9).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Disability Management Practices in Canada specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the practices that the government and organisations are adopting is Disability Management (DM). Disability management aims at assisting employees that suffer from illnesses or injuries while in their places of work. Initially, organisations could take staffs suffering from illnesses or injuries to offsite rehabilitation facilities. Nevertheless, the government and organisations are now involved in assisting the affected staff members within an organisation to ensure that their productivity is not affected (Akabas and Gates 11). Numerous countries are currently introducing disability management practices in workplaces, for instance, Canada, Australia, Britain, and the United States. Some of the practices include work-life balance programs, paramedical and physiotherapy programs, insurance programs, and offering modified work to employees who suffer from disabilities. This paper will focus on some of the best disability management practices employed in Canada. Work-life balance programs According to a study conducted on employees that take long before resuming to work after injuries or illnesses, the more such employees stay out of their workplaces, the more their chances of returning to work decrease. Employees that are out of work for over two years h ave 10 per cent chances of returning to the workplaces (Akabas and Gates 12). The work-life balance program is one of the best disability management practices. The program ensures that employees have enough time to relax after working and take adequate leave. This move helps in ensuring that employees do not suffer from work-related problems like stress, depression, and other mental illnesses. A work-life balance program is one of the disability management practices aimed at helping employees cope with the challenges encountered during and after an illness or injury. Whenever an employee suffers an injury or work-related illness and takes long at home, it becomes hard for such an employee to return to the workplace and associate with other employees (Akabas and Gates 13-17). Work-life balance program as one of the disability management practices entails coming up with modalities to accommodate an employee prior to his or her absence.Advertising Looking for report on business e conomics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Before the affected employee is allowed to take leave to cope with the illness or injury, the institution comes up with a program to modify the work schedule or workplace for the affected employee. At times, an employee may not be willing to return to his or her initial place of work due to the humiliation s/he went through initially (Akabas and Gates 19-24). Consequently, institutions with numerous branches may offer the affected employee a chance to work in a different branch. Besides changing the workplace, firms may work with the affected employee to come up with a work schedule that suits him or her, thus ensuring that s/he has adequate time to rest and attend to other personal duties. Through work-life programs, employers establish a work schedule with the help of the affected staff. In return, the staff members feel confident about the company as they acknowledge its concern. Wheneve r an employee takes long to return to his or her workplace after an illness or injury, s/he further suffers from the disgrace of the absence. Besides, it becomes hard to relate with other staff members on returning since s/he fears their reaction. Work-life balance programs seek to alleviate these challenges. They help in ensuring that employees return to work with limited challenges. The program helps in establishing an appropriate method of reintegrating the affected employees into a firm. Besides, the program establishes a working schedule that ensures that staff members have enough time out of their workplaces thus ensuring that they do not suffer from work-related problems. Paramedical and physiotherapy program Besides the work-life balance programs, the government and Canadian organisations are embracing paramedic and physiotherapy programs as another disability management practice. Institutions are turning to physicians to help them in ensuring that staff members that suffer injuries or illnesses at workplaces receive the best treatment and return to workplaces at the right time (Bruyà ¨re and Shrey 227). In the past, employees were only allowed to return to work if their employers learnt that they were capable of handling all job functions. The best thing with paramedical and physiotherapy program is that physicians help firms in coming up with varied accommodations, limitations, and restrictions, thus helping employees return to work within the shortest period after suffering from illnesses or injuries. Paramedical and physiotherapy program is a disability management program that Canadian organisations established to promote cooperation between employers and employees in the event of disabilities or illnesses (Bruyà ¨re and Shrey 22-234). Through the help of physicians, employers and employees come up with strategies to ensure that employees recover quickly from their illnesses or injuries thus returning to work.Advertising We will write a cust om report sample on Disability Management Practices in Canada specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Physicians assist firms to come up with medical inputs like limitations and restrictions to ensure that employees do not suffer from work-related injuries or illnesses. Moreover, the limitations and restrictions help in ensuring that staff members do not resume working while they still suffer from the illness. Physiotherapists help institutions in monitoring the recovery of the affected employees and help organisations in establishing a treatment program for the affected ones. Besides treating the affected employees, the program helps firms in coming up with strategies to prevent chances of other staff members suffering from the same problems (Bruyà ¨re and Shrey 237-242). Organisations use Paramedical and physiotherapy program as one of their disability management practices. Through the help of physicians and physiotherapists, institutions come up with programs to help their employees deal with all kinds of challenges that render them incapable of offering their services to an institution. The program entails establishing limitations and restrictions to ensure that employees do not engage in activities that subject them to health problems. Moreover, it involves treating the affected staff and helping them to recover from the illnesses, thus returning to work on time. Physicians and physiotherapists are indispensable instruments in helping organisations come up with efficient return-to-work programs. In a bid to enhance the success of paramedical and physiotherapy program, firms should establish a system that ensures timely correspondence among employees, employers, and physicians. Moreover, organisations should monitor their staffs regularly to make sure that they identify those suffering early enough and inform the physicians for timely and appropriate response. Insurance programs In Canada, employers work in collab oration with insurers in dealing with disability management. The role played by insurers in helping the employees cope with a disability is of immense help to firms. Insurers help in ensuring that employees encounter a smooth process when returning or leaving the workplace (Creen 5). Moreover, they assist in ensuring that employees do not encounter challenges when switching from one category of disability to another. Insurers are increasingly coming up with measures to address the ever-changing claims situation.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The benefit of insurance is that it helps employees receive their claims without difficulties, thus being capable of accessing medical attention on time (Creen 7). In return, employees do not take a lot of time away from the workplace. Another benefit of this program is that it saves employees from discrimination by ensuring that confidential information about their health does not leak to the employers. Insurance program involves a healthy interaction between the insurance agents and employers. With assistance from employers, insurers come up with tailored disability management programs for various employees. The insurer allocates a devoted disability team to an organisation. This team works closely with employers to identify the challenges facing employees and come up with measures to address the same. In addition, through this program, insurers help firms come up with absence management practices and create a stable return-to-work formula (Creen 6). Employers and insurers attend regular workshops, which equip them with requisite skills for dealing with intricate disabilities like mental disorders. The program gives employers and insurers an opportunity to monitor how the affected employees are responding to treatment and organise for further consultations, thus ensuring that employees recover from the disabilities within the shortest time possible. Currently, insurers are working with employers to establish rehabilitation programs and early intervention mechanisms to facilitate in curbing disabilities (Creen 7-9). Besides, they are establishing training and mentorship programs to help employees deal with challenges that result in disabilities. Insurance program as one of the disability management practices helps Canadian employees receive timely medical attention whenever they suffer from any disability at workplaces. Employers work with insurers to ensure that employees receive financial assistance within the shortest time possible. Besides, they monitor e mployees to see that they recover from the disability and organise for further consultations in case they realise that an employee is not recovering as expected. The insurance program not only helps in addressing the disability problems that employees face in Canadian institutions, but also in avoiding chances of employee discrimination by protecting confidential information about their health. Offering modified work One of the key features of disability management practices is offering modified work to employees suffering from any disability. Rather than dismissing the affected employee, an organisation may make some alterations on job specifications of the affected employee (Westmorland and Buys 31). Modification may entail cutting down on the workload, reducing the number of hours worked, or assigning the affected employee to a less demanding task. The main reason why this practice is among the best disability management practices is that, it helps institutions maintain their pro ductivity by ensuring that they continue exploiting the affected employees’ skills. Besides, the practice saves the company from the costs associated with hiring and training new employees (Westmorland and Buys 33). Another benefit of offering modified work to employees suffering from disabilities is that it helps in reducing chances of firms entering into conflicts with employees, which may ruin the organisational reputation. In Canada, most organisations turn to work modification as one of the disability management practices. Some of the factors that lead to employees suffering from disabilities include workload and the number of hours worked per week. Employees working in highly demanding jobs tend to suffer from numerous disabilities like backache (Westmorland and Buys 35-38). Therefore, to deal with this disability, firms reduce the number of hours the affected employee works in a week. At times, organisations may move the affected employee to a less demanding job to fac ilitate in his or her recovery. Moreover, they make the working environment more flexible to help the employee take a rest at intervals during the working hours. Firms allow their employees to have job control as a mechanism to reduce chances of most of them suffering from work-related disabilities (Westmorland and Buys 39-40). Employers allow their staff to modify their workplaces to enhance their working conditions. Offering modified work is one of the strategies of disability management practices in Canada. Organisations modify works for individuals suffering from disabilities as a way of helping them return to their full potential with limited difficulties. The practice entails reducing the workload, number of hours the affected employee works for per week, and transferring the affected employee to a less demanding job. For effective disability management through offering modified work, it is imperative that employers involve the affected employees in coming up with the most app ropriate modifications. Conclusion Organisations are currently switching to disability management practices as one of the methods of dealing with work-related injuries and disabilities. In Canada, organisations use numerous disability management practices. These practices include work-life balance programs, paramedic and physiotherapy programs, insurance programs, and offering modified work to employees who suffer from disabilities. All these measures facilitate in ensuring that employees who suffer from work-related disabilities return to work with limited difficulties. The practices help institutions overcome costs associated with hiring and training new employees; besides, they help organisations preserve their reputation by ensuring that they do not conflict with their employees. Works Cited Akabas, Sheila, and Lauren Gates. â€Å"Organisational commitment: the key to successful disability management.† American Rehabilitation 16.3 (2006): 9-24. Print. Bruyà ¨re, Susanne, and Donald Shrey. â€Å"Disability management in Industry: A Joint Labor-Management Process.† Rehabilitation Counselling Bulletin 34.3 (2007): 227-242. Print. Creen, Marg. â€Å"Best practices for disability management.† Journal of the Ontario  Occupational Health Nurses Association 2.4 (2002): 5-9. Print. Westmorland, Muriel, and Nicholas Buys. â€Å"A comparison of disability management practices in Australian and Canadian workplaces.† Works 23.1 (2004): 31-41. Print. This report on Disability Management Practices in Canada was written and submitted by user Karly Bernard to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Pond Weed Investigation essays

Pond Weed Investigation essays The effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis in Canadian Pondweed Elodea sp. In this investigation I plan to investigate how temperature effects the rate of photosynthesis in Canadian pond weed, this will be achieved by comparing the amount of oxygen produced by the pondweed at different temperatures. It will be a fair test and my only independent variable will be the different temperatures of water the pondweed will be submerged in. I am choosing different temperatures as my independent variable because I know from past experiments that different temperatures affect the enzyme activity and therefore the rate of photosynthesis. This experiment is also the most straightforward to set up and carry out, this means that extra time will be available to spend on repeats and extremely accurate results. All other factors of the experiment remain constant; the weight of pond weed, the light density, the colour of the light, the method of collecting the results (measuring the volume of displaced water in an upturned measuring tube) and the acclimation time of 2 minutes. The dependent variable is the volume of oxygen produced by the pondweed, this is measured by the amount of water displaced in an upturned measuring tube. The volume of oxygen produced is directly proportional to the rate o f photosynthesis, so having worked out the rate I can compare the different temperatures. First I will set up the apparatus, this consists of: a water bath at 20Â °c, in this bath is a fermenting tube with the sample of pondweed inside and 20cm3 of water. The delivery tubing leads to another water container and to an upturned measuring tube. I leave the pondweed to photosynthesise for two minutes and then record the level of the water in the measuring tube, the pondweed is needed to be left for the two minute period to allow it to start functioning at the temperature. I then leave the pondweed to respire for three minutes, after this time I ...

FDA regulation and application submission process for new drugs Term Paper

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Discussion - Coursework Example In this regards, APNs play a key role in enhancing EBP adoption as it remains more as an ideal rather than a reality in many clinical care setting. In my unit, an advanced practice nurse is important in enhancing the adoption of evidence-based practice through facilitating the appropriate organizational culture and leadership. It is crucial for the unit to appoint leaders and staff that recognize and value evidence-based practice and research utilization in improving care provision. This can be further achieved by educating the staff on the importance of EBP utilization and possible ways of adoption. Facilitation and support in the process are also crucial. Thus, an advanced practice nurse has a role in ensuring that the necessary resources and conditions are available to attain success in the unit. This includes the provision of the appropriate time of practicing EBP and ensuring that the correct number of staff (staffing) are available in enhancing the process. Moreover, the advanced practice nurse has a role in enhancing further research in my unit to determine any additional factors that may influence or facilitate the adop tion of EBP. Advanced practice nurse have been noted to be on the frontline of utilizing EBP in the clinical setting in promoting the patients safety and their knowledge is crucial in promoting such practices among other teams such as my unit (Gerrish et al., 2012). Fagerstrà ¶m, L., & Glasberg, A. L. (2011). The first evaluation of the advanced practice nurse role in Finland - the perspective of nurse leaders. Journal of Nursing Management, 19, 925–932. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2011.01280.x Gerrish, K., Nolan, M., Mcdonnell, A., Tod, A., Kirshbaum, M., & Guillaume, L. (2012). Factors Influencing Advanced Practice Nurses’ Ability to Promote Evidence-Based Practice among Frontline Nurses. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 9, 30–39.

Analysis of Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Analysis of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) 1.3 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS 34, 35 Trans-Pacific Partnership economic framework agreement has clearly defined that many studies must be conducted to develop a formulation. Design of experiments (DOE) has proven to be an effective tool for formulation scientists throughout the many stages of the formulation process. At every step of formulation development, DOE can aid in making intelligent decisions. These steps include excipient compatibility studies, process feasibility studies, formulation optimization, process optimization, scale-up and manufacturing process characterization. Lastly, the product and manufacturing process must be validated before it is on the market. The word optimize is defined as, making as perfect, effective or functional as possible. Optimization may be interpreted as to find out the value of controllable independent variable, that gives the most desired value of dependent variables. The application of formulation optimization techniques is relatively new to the practice of pharmacy when used intelligently, with the common sense, these â€Å"statistical† methods will broaden the perspective of the formulation process. At the Preformulation stage, before any experiment is conducted certain problem arises, it is often not known before hand which variable will significantly influence the response. Screening designs and ANOVA helps to solve this problem. A second serious complication may arise with new excipients and new process factor, for which qualitative or quantitative effects are not known and are unpredictable. The following questions must be answered before choosing any design of experiment. The third complication is that formulated products, in particular dosage form has to confirm to several requirements, very often competing. The formulator has to trade off objectives and choose a compromise. A fourth problem is the lack of insight` to perform an adequate optimization studies. Above all in the performance of an optimization study, the formulation development scientist can also be a factor as personal variation. 1.3.1 Terms used in Design of experiments Variables These are the measurements, values, which are characteristics of the data. There are two types of variables; dependent variables and independent variables. Independent variables(X) are set in advance, which are not influenced by any other values e.g., Lubricants concentration, drug to polymer ratio, etc. Dependent variables(Y) are the outcome variables, influenced by the independent variables e.g., hardness, dissolution rate, etc. Factor Factor is an assigned variable such as concentration, temperature, lubricant agent, drug to polymer ratio, polymer to polymer ratio or polymer grade. A factor can be qualitative or quantitative. A quantitative factor has a numerical value to it for example, concentration (1%, 2%†¦ so on), drug to polymer ratio (1:1, 1:2†¦etc). Qualitative factors are the factors, which are not numerical value, for example, the polymer grade, humidity condition, type of equipment, etc. these are discrete in nature. Levels The levels of a factor are the values or designation assigned to the factor. For e.g. in concentration (factor) 1 % will be one level, while 2% will be another level. Two different plasticizers are levels for grade factor. Usually levels are indicated as low, middle or high level. Normally for ease of calculation the numeric and discrete levels are converted to –1 (low level) and +1 (high level).The general formula for this conversion is Where ‘X’ is the numeric value Response Response is mostly interpreted as the outcome of an experiment. It is the effect, which we are going to evaluate i.e. Disintegration time, duration of buoyancy, etc. Effect The effect of a factor is the change in response caused by varying the levels of the factor. This describes the relationship between various factors and levels. Interaction Interaction is also similar to effect, which gives the overall effect of two or more variables (factors) on a response. For example, the combined effect of lubricants (factor) and glidants (factor) on hardness (response) of a tablet. In the trial and error method, a lot of formulations have to be prepared to get a conclusion, which involves lots of money, time and energy. These can be minimized by the use of optimization technique. 1.3.2 Optimization Process Generally optimization process involves the following steps. Based on the previous knowledge or experience or from literature, the independent variables are determined and set in the beginning. Selection of a suitable model, based on the results of the factor, screening is done. The experiments are designed and conducted. The responses are analyzed by ANOVA, test on lack of fit, to get an empirical mathematical model for each individual response. The responses are screened, by using multiple criteria to get the values of independent variables. Experimental Design Experimental design is a statistical design that prescribes or advises a set of combination of variables. The number and layout of these design points within the experimental region, depends on the number of effects that must be estimated. Depending on the number of factors, their levels, possible interactions and order of the model, various experimental designs are chosen. Each experiment can be represented as a point within the experimental domain, the point being defined by its co-ordinate (the value given to the variables) in the space. 1.3.3 Response Surface Methodology Response surface methodology (RSM) is an experimental strategy that was developed in the 1950’s36. RSM is comprised of a group of mathematical and statistical techniques that are based on fitting experimental data generated from studies established using an experimental design, to empirical models and that are subsequently used to define a relationship between the responses observed and the independent input variables37, 38. RSM is able to define the effect of independent variables alone and in combination with the manufacturing processes under investigation. A typical RSM study begins initially with the definition of a problem to be investigated and involves establishing which variables and associated responses are to be studied, monitored, and measured and how these will be measured. A summary of the subsequent RSM approach includes36 Performance of the relevant DOE. Estimation of the coefficient in the relevant response surface equation. Checking of the adequacy of the equation to describe the fit. Studying the response surface to identify and evaluate the region(s) of interest. The term RSM originates from the graphical perspective generated after fitness of the mathematical model has been established 37, 38 with a graphical representation of the data presented primarily as a three-dimensional (3D) image and/or as contour plots39. The relationship between a response and an input variable can be described by Equation 1.1 y= f(x1, x2, x3†¦xn) +ÃŽ µ Where, y = relevant response f = unknown function of a response x1, x2,..xn = independent variables n= number of independent variables ÃŽ µ = statistical error that represents other sources of variability not accounted for by f Contour plot can be described as: i. Mound-shaped that has elliptical contours with a stationary point at the position of a maximum response. ii. Saddle-shaped that has a hyperbolic system of contours with a stationary point that is neither a maximum nor minimum point. iii. Constant (stationary) ridge response surface in which the contours are presented as concentric elongated ellipses with a stationary point in the region of the design region. iv. A rising (or falling) ridge response surface with a stationary point that is outside the design region 39. The stationary point is a combination of design variables where the surface presents as either a maximum and/or a minimum in all directions. If the stationary point is a maximum in one direction and minimum in another direction, the stationary point is termed a saddle point. When the surface is curved in one direction but is fairly constant and this is considered a ridge response 40. By plotting a response, y, against one or two input variables a surface, known as the response surface can be generated in two or three dimensions. In general the form of the function, f, is unknown and may be very complicated depending on the effect of the input variables on the response. Therefore RSM aims at approximating f by use of a suitable, ordered polynomial equation in some region(s) of the values for the independent process variables41. The mathematical or polynomial equations that describe the relationship(s) between the independent and dependent variables may be first, second or third order, depending on how the output variables or responses react to changes in the input variables. If the response is a linear function of the independent variables, then the function can be written as a first order model (Equation 1.2). In this model the response variables that fit a linear model are generally variables that are significantly affected by a small change in the value of the input factors and that exhibit little or no interaction(s) between the input variable terms. y= ÃŽ ²0+ ÃŽ ²1x1+ ÃŽ ²2x2+†¦..+ ÃŽ µ Second order equations are used to generate linear and quadratic response equations that exhibit interactions between the input factors and can be represented by Equation 1.3. y= ÃŽ ²0+ ÃŽ ²1x1+ ÃŽ ²2x2+ ÃŽ ²12x12+†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦+ ÃŽ µ It has been reported that second order models are also applicable to input factors that exhibit extensive variability over an experimental domain and these relationships are best described using Equation 1.4 y= ÃŽ ²0+ ÃŽ ²1x1+ ÃŽ ²2x2+ ÃŽ ²12x12+ ÃŽ ²11x12+ ÃŽ ²22x22+†¦..+ ÃŽ µ Where y= response x1, x2,..xn = input factors ÃŽ ²0= constant that represents the intercept ÃŽ ²i= coefficient of first order term ÃŽ ²ii= coefficient of second order term ÃŽ ²ij= coefficient of second order interaction The values of the coefficients in the model are generated through multiple linear regression analysis of the data that has been collected. A coefficient with a positive value points to an agonistic effect of the input factor on the response, whereas coefficients with negative values indicate an antagonistic effect. 1.3.4 Choice of Response Surface Design Central Composite Design (CCD) A CCD was originally presented by Box and Wilson and is based on a factorial design with additional points to estimate the curvature of that design. CCD encompasses a full factorial or fractional factorial approach which can be represented, as shown in Figure 1.1, as the eight corners of a cube. There are the six points, known as the axial or star points, located in the centre of each face of the cube with a final point located in the middle of the cube that is known as the centre point 37. The axial points are experimental runs where all but one of the factors to be investigated is set at the intermediate level under consideration. The axial points are all equidistant from the centre point and are denoted using the symbol, alpha (ÃŽ ±). The factors under consideration are usually investigated at five different levels and are always represented by coded values viz., -ÃŽ ±, -1, 0, +1 and +ÃŽ ±. Figure 1.1Schematic diagram representing the levels studied in a Central Composite Design The distance of the axial points from the centre point is dependent on the number of factors investigated in the design and is established using Equation 1.5. ÃŽ ± =2k/4 Where, k= the factor number ÃŽ ± = axial point The number of experiments required for a CCD approach is calculated using Equation 1.6 N= k2+ 2k+ C0 Where, N= the experiment number k= the factor number C0= the replicate number of the central point The number of experiments required in an experimental study is important as it determines how much data will be generated, in addition to being an indicator of the amount of time that will be required to conduct the study. Types of central composite design Central composite design can be divided into three types. Table 1.2 Types of central composite design Box-Behnken Design (BBD) The BBD describes a class of second-order designs based on a three-level incomplete factorial approach which are also represented as coded values viz., -1, 0 and +1 42 . In this design approach, the treatment combinations are located at the midpoint(s) of the edge of the process space and at the centre, as represented in Figure 1.2. Figure 1.2 Schematic diagram representing the levels studied in a Box-Behnken Design The number of experiments for Box-Behnken Designs can be calculated using Equation 1.7. N= 2k (k-1) +C0 Where, N= the number of experiments k= the factor number C0= the replicate number of the central point For experiments in which there are three or less input variables the BBD design offers some advantage over the CCD approach, in that a fewer number of experimental runs are required. However this advantage does not exist when four or more parameters are to be investigated. A further advantage of BBD is that it does not include the need to evaluate situations in which all factors are simultaneously held at their highest and lowest levels. The use of a BBD therefore allows a formulation scientist to avoid undertaking experiments that are to performed under extreme conditions and that may produce substandard results due to the inclusion of data generated from these extreme high and low levels 37. Doehlert Design The Doehlert design is an experimental design approach in which different factors can be studied at different levels simultaneously43. This aspect of the Doehlert design is an important characteristic when using some input variables that may be subject to restrictions such as for example cost or experimental constraints (limited amounts of raw material or limited amount of time available) thereby making it a practical and economic alternative to other, second-order experimental design approaches37.This design describes a circular domain of two input variables, a spherical domain for three input variables and a hyper-spherical space for situations in which more than three input variables are to be investigated and which highlights the uniformity of the input variables to be studied in the experimental domain 37. The schematic design space of a Doehlert design for two variables is shown in Figure 1.3, and is represented by a central point and six points of a regular hexagon. An interesting feature of the Doehlert design is that new factors may be introduced during the course of a study without losing relevant and/or valuable information from the data already generated from the experimental runs that have already been completed. Figure 1.3 Schematic diagram representing the levels studied in a Doehlert Design The number of experiments required for a Doehlert design is determined using Equation 1.8 37 N= k2+ k+ C0 Where, N= the number of experiments k= the factor number C0= the replicate number of the central point 1.3.5 Mathematical Optimization Optimization is a mathematical method used to determine an optimum response and is defined as the most advantageous state of existence of the system under investigation44. Multiple linear regression equations generated from statistically designed experiments provide a description of the change of a response with a change in input factors and further, allows for the determination of input variables that will produce an optimized response. A difficulty that occurs in optimization procedures is the need to establish a compromise between the anticipated response variables. This challenge is often encountered in the process of optimization of tablets where the optimum tablet may be one that has superior strength and little or no friability, yet must also have a short disintegration time. Often an increase in tablet hardness results in an increase in the disintegration time of a tablet and therefore a compromise between these contradictory response variables is necessary to achieve an optimized formulation. 1.3.6 Advantages of RSM The primary advantage of RSM in relation to classical experimental methods and approaches of data evaluation in which only one variable is investigated at a time, is that a large amount of information can be generated from a relatively small number of experiments 38. RSM is therefore less time and cost consuming than the classical approach that requires a large number of experiments to be conducted to be able to explain the behavior of a system 38, 39. A further advantage, with the use of RSM is that it is possible to observe interaction effects of the independent input parameters on the response(s) being monitored 38. The model equation that is generated from the data is able to be used to explain the effect of combinations of independent input variables on the outcome of a process or product. 1.3.7 Disadvantages of RSM A primary disadvantage of RSM is that fitting data to a second order polynomial for systems that contain some curvature is often not well accommodated by the second order polynomials that are produced. If the system cannot be explained by a first or second order polynomial, it may be necessary to reduce the range of independent input variables under consideration as this may then increase the accuracy of the model being considered38. Another disadvantage is that although RSM has the potential to evaluate interaction effects of the independent input parameters, it is unable to be used to explain why an interaction(s) has occurred (210). A further disadvantage is that RSM is poor at predicting the potential outcomes for a system operated outside the range of study under consideration45 1.3.8 Software for Design of experiments Many commercial software packages are available which are either dedicated to experimental design alone or are of a more general statistical type. Software’s dedicated to experimental designs DESIGN EXPERT ECHIP MULTI-SIMPLEX NEMRODW Software for general statistical nature SAS MINITAB

White Mans Image :: essays research papers

This program is part of the PBS series American Experience. In this episode, a critical eye is cast on the early efforts by Congress to "civilize" Native Americans. This homogenization process required the removal of Native American children from their homes and placing them in special Indian schools. Forced to stay for years at a time without returning home, children were required to eschew their own language and culture and learn instead the ways of the white man. Archival photographs and clips, newspaper accounts, journals, personal recollections, and commentary by historians relate the particulars of this era in American History and its ultimate demise. ~ Rose of Sharon Winter, All Movie Guide In 1875, Captain Richard Pratt began an ambitious experiment that involved teaching Indians in Florida to read and write English, putting them in uniforms and drilling them like soldiers. "Kill the Indian and save the man," was Pratt's motto. With the blessing of Congress, Pratt expanded his program by establishing the Carlisle School for Indian Students. Native Americans who attended these schools help tell the story of an experiment gone bad and its consequences for a generation of Indians. In 1875, Captain Richard Pratt escorted 72 Indian warriors suspected of murdering white settlers to Fort Marion in St. Augustine, Florida. Once there, Pratt began an ambitious experiment which involved teaching the Indians to read and wri te English, putting them in uniforms and drilling them like soldiers. "Kill the Indian and save the man," was Pratt's motto. News of Pratt's experiment spread. With the blessing of Congress, Pratt expanded his program by establishing the Carlisle School for Indian Students to continue his "civilizing" mission. Although liberal policy for the times, Pratt's school was a form of cultural genocide. The schools continued into the '30s until administrators saw that the promised opportunities for Indian students would not materialize, threat they would not become "imitation white men." Native Americans who attended the schools help tell the story of a humanist experiment gone bad, and its consequences for a generation of Discover the tragic, long-term consequences of attempts to "civilize" Native Americans in the 1870s at the Carlisle School for Indians.

Metamorphosis

This tale depicts the struggles of Franz Kava's life. Kafka Is essentially Gregory because Kava's father considered him a failure for wanting to become a writer rather than a businessman. The temperament of Kava's father is very similar to that of Cargoes father. Gregory is presented as an exaggeration of Kava's life. Kafka seems to have felt like a creature trapped in a room and could not leave in order to escape further abuse. The Metamorphosis is no more than a hyperbole for the emotional and physical abuse that Kava's family put him through.Early on in Burnoose's translation, the sorrows and hardships that Gregory eels are reflected upon: â€Å"Good Lord,† he thought, â€Å"what an exhausting profession Vie chosen. Day in and day out on the road. Work like this is far more unsettling than business conducted at home, and then I have the agony of traveling itself to contend with: worrying about train connections, the irregular, and unpalatable meals, and human intercourse t hat is constantly changing, never developing the least constancy or warmth.Devil take it all! † (Breakfronts) Gregory is clearly unhappy with his profession as Kafka was unhappy In the field of business and wanted to become the write that he longed to be. Gorge's transformation or metamorphosis can be perceived as a hypothetical situation. Gregory morphing into an insect could be what Kafka sees happening when telling his family that he wants to be a writer. Gregory feels that he has failed his family and they are ashamed of him, even at points not even sure that the insect is still Gregory.This represents his family's theoretical disobedient of him if he were to quit the path of business for a writing career. This scene Is reinforced In Peter Supper's graphic representation of Kava's The Metamorphosis. This Idea Is graphically represented from pages 9-17 In Supers adaptation. In Burnoose's translation, this idea took up about half a page, which is vastly different form the gr aphic novel. Super clearly spent a lot of time on this scene and decided to make the salesman in the comic to look much like Franz Kafka.The graphics show Gregory constantly being belittled and unhappy. Gregory is shown to be a ticking time bomb. On page 17 in Supper's version, Gorge's father is seen for the first time In a very Intimidating and demanding tone while he bangs on Gorge's door, yelling â€Å"GREGORY, Greatcoat's going on? † (Super 1 7) It is interesting that Super makes the human version of Gregory to look like Kafka and for the father to be a very frightening character.Later on in part two, short after Gregory startles his mother causing her to faint, a violent interaction occurs between Gregory and his father: â€Å"All at once something flew to the rug beside him, casually flung, and rolled horror, Gregory stopped in his tracks; there was no point continuing to run now that his father had decided to bombard him†¦. The petite red apples rolled around the floor as id electrified, knocking into each other. One lightly lobbed apple grazed Gorge's back and slid off again harmlessly. But it was immediately followed by another that embedded itself in his back. (Burnooses 84) This is relatable to the life of Franz Kafka. Kava's father was so obsessed with the idea of Franz become a businessman like he was that he beat him when he found out that he wanted to be a writer instead. The â€Å"insect† that Gregory could be seen as the failure of a businessman that Kava's father saw in him. Also it is interesting that Kava's weapon of choice was an apple. The apple, biblically, is a weapon of evil as seen in the story of Adam and Eve. This scene happens relatively fast in Supper's graphic novel from pages 47-50.Super made the father look very angry, towering, and mean, while making Gregory look defenseless and confused about what is being done to him. This could be depicted as Kafka being beaten for not being what he was expected to be by his father. Kafka does not understand why he is beaten abused as Gregory seems to feel judging by the images in the graphic novel along with the many â€Å"? s† in thought bubbles. Super seems to have glossed over many scenes included in Burnoose's translation of The Metamorphosis. Super seems to focus more on Gorge's interactions with his family and briefly time within the head of Gregory.It is understood that Super uses a different translation than that of Burnoose's. Super tends to make scenes more intense and dark as compared to Burnooses and that could very well be a result of the use of a different translation. English translations of Kava's novel cannot be exactly translated over to English. These translations have a lot of open room to input personal perceptions of scenes by the authors. Super clearly uses artistic styles in his graphic representation. Super explicitly makes retain scenes all over the place if it is meant to be that way.In. Some cases he gives many f lashes such as the scene where Gregory dies (Super 69), but on the next two pages Super spreads the scene throughout two pages. He makes the scene dark, but has light and clarity shining through, which is something Gregory experiences less as the story unfolds and he deteriorates (Super If Super wants the reader to understand that the scene is significant, he made it large and with less going on, using pages 70-71 and pages 78-79 as examples. Gregory Same is comparable to Franz Kafka in so many ways.This is seen throughout both translations of The Metamorphosis as discussed. Gregory is a failure to his family as Kafka was a failure in the eyes of his father. Gorge's metamorphosis is Kafka becoming a writer and his family cannot accept him for who he really is, which ultimately leads to his deterioration and death. Burnooses chose to make this novel more focused on the thoughts of Gregory and the solitude of his room while Super includes mostly family/ human interactions in a very da rk and intense manner. The Metamorphosis is an allegory that depicts the twisted life of Franz Kafka. Metamorphosis This tale depicts the struggles of Franz Kava's life. Kafka Is essentially Gregory because Kava's father considered him a failure for wanting to become a writer rather than a businessman. The temperament of Kava's father is very similar to that of Cargoes father. Gregory is presented as an exaggeration of Kava's life. Kafka seems to have felt like a creature trapped in a room and could not leave in order to escape further abuse. The Metamorphosis is no more than a hyperbole for the emotional and physical abuse that Kava's family put him through.Early on in Burnoose's translation, the sorrows and hardships that Gregory eels are reflected upon: â€Å"Good Lord,† he thought, â€Å"what an exhausting profession Vie chosen. Day in and day out on the road. Work like this is far more unsettling than business conducted at home, and then I have the agony of traveling itself to contend with: worrying about train connections, the irregular, and unpalatable meals, and human intercourse t hat is constantly changing, never developing the least constancy or warmth.Devil take it all! † (Breakfronts) Gregory is clearly unhappy with his profession as Kafka was unhappy In the field of business and wanted to become the write that he longed to be. Gorge's transformation or metamorphosis can be perceived as a hypothetical situation. Gregory morphing into an insect could be what Kafka sees happening when telling his family that he wants to be a writer. Gregory feels that he has failed his family and they are ashamed of him, even at points not even sure that the insect is still Gregory.This represents his family's theoretical disobedient of him if he were to quit the path of business for a writing career. This scene Is reinforced In Peter Supper's graphic representation of Kava's The Metamorphosis. This Idea Is graphically represented from pages 9-17 In Supers adaptation. In Burnoose's translation, this idea took up about half a page, which is vastly different form the gr aphic novel. Super clearly spent a lot of time on this scene and decided to make the salesman in the comic to look much like Franz Kafka.The graphics show Gregory constantly being belittled and unhappy. Gregory is shown to be a ticking time bomb. On page 17 in Supper's version, Gorge's father is seen for the first time In a very Intimidating and demanding tone while he bangs on Gorge's door, yelling â€Å"GREGORY, Greatcoat's going on? † (Super 1 7) It is interesting that Super makes the human version of Gregory to look like Kafka and for the father to be a very frightening character.Later on in part two, short after Gregory startles his mother causing her to faint, a violent interaction occurs between Gregory and his father: â€Å"All at once something flew to the rug beside him, casually flung, and rolled horror, Gregory stopped in his tracks; there was no point continuing to run now that his father had decided to bombard him†¦. The petite red apples rolled around the floor as id electrified, knocking into each other. One lightly lobbed apple grazed Gorge's back and slid off again harmlessly. But it was immediately followed by another that embedded itself in his back. (Burnooses 84) This is relatable to the life of Franz Kafka. Kava's father was so obsessed with the idea of Franz become a businessman like he was that he beat him when he found out that he wanted to be a writer instead. The â€Å"insect† that Gregory could be seen as the failure of a businessman that Kava's father saw in him. Also it is interesting that Kava's weapon of choice was an apple. The apple, biblically, is a weapon of evil as seen in the story of Adam and Eve. This scene happens relatively fast in Supper's graphic novel from pages 47-50.Super made the father look very angry, towering, and mean, while making Gregory look defenseless and confused about what is being done to him. This could be depicted as Kafka being beaten for not being what he was expected to be by his father. Kafka does not understand why he is beaten abused as Gregory seems to feel judging by the images in the graphic novel along with the many â€Å"? s† in thought bubbles. Super seems to have glossed over many scenes included in Burnoose's translation of The Metamorphosis. Super seems to focus more on Gorge's interactions with his family and briefly time within the head of Gregory.It is understood that Super uses a different translation than that of Burnoose's. Super tends to make scenes more intense and dark as compared to Burnooses and that could very well be a result of the use of a different translation. English translations of Kava's novel cannot be exactly translated over to English. These translations have a lot of open room to input personal perceptions of scenes by the authors. Super clearly uses artistic styles in his graphic representation. Super explicitly makes retain scenes all over the place if it is meant to be that way.In. Some cases he gives many f lashes such as the scene where Gregory dies (Super 69), but on the next two pages Super spreads the scene throughout two pages. He makes the scene dark, but has light and clarity shining through, which is something Gregory experiences less as the story unfolds and he deteriorates (Super If Super wants the reader to understand that the scene is significant, he made it large and with less going on, using pages 70-71 and pages 78-79 as examples. Gregory Same is comparable to Franz Kafka in so many ways.This is seen throughout both translations of The Metamorphosis as discussed. Gregory is a failure to his family as Kafka was a failure in the eyes of his father. Gorge's metamorphosis is Kafka becoming a writer and his family cannot accept him for who he really is, which ultimately leads to his deterioration and death. Burnooses chose to make this novel more focused on the thoughts of Gregory and the solitude of his room while Super includes mostly family/ human interactions in a very da rk and intense manner. The Metamorphosis is an allegory that depicts the twisted life of Franz Kafka.

Ciscos Building of Brand

Ciscos Building of Brand Building a brand in a business-to-business context is different from doing so in a consumer market. The case study given about Cisco demonstrates this fact. When Cisco started its operations, its main target market was corporate bodies. It was selling its products to firms, which needed systems that could help them run more efficiently.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ciscos Building of Brand specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The firm has however, grew exponentially over the last decade and it has come to appreciate the fact that consumer market can no longer be ignored. The approach taken by Cisco to build its brand when it was targeting other business units has changed following its decision to include consumer markets as part of its target markets. The approach taken to attract organizational consumers is different from the strategy taken to attract consumer markets. One of the difference comes in the way building the brand is concerned. When dealing with business-to-business market, the focus will be on the decision makers within the targeted firm. This can be the chief executive. In such cases, a firm will make an effort to ensure that the decision maker understands the brand and its superiority over other existing brands. This is because the decision maker is known (McNally Speak, 2011). It is very different from the case where the target market is a consumer market. In consumer market, the target audience is undefined. A firm will always try to build its brand by trying to communicate to everyone in the consumer market. This is evident from the case study given about Cisco. When Cisco was targeting other corporate bodies as its target market, it would focus on the main decision makers in the companies and sell its brand to them. This changed when it focused on the consumer market. The management realized that the only way of making its brand strong in the consumer market is to ensure tha t the public knows it. It is also apparent from the case that when targeting consumer market with the brand, more advertising would be necessary than when dealing with business-to-business market. When Cisco targeted organizational consumers, it found it easy to visit the companies and explain to the decision makers the importance of using their system. This changed when the firm expanded its market to include consumer markets. It had to use social and mass media to popularize the brand. Cisco’s plan to reach out to consumers is viable. For a long time, Cisco had been a popular brand in the United States and other regions around the world. However, it was very unfortunate that this brand was popular but most people did not know its specific products. This was understandable because the main target market for this firm initially was organizational consumers. The management would advertise this brand in the market, with their target being the decision makers in various organiza tion.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, this has to change given that it has decided to target consumer markets. The management must devise ways through which it can make its products known in the market. The plan to reach out to consumers is viable and very timely. In the past few years, the firm has been popular with its brand, and not its products. The management must make an effort to ensure that the popularity that the brand has generated is translated into popularity in all its products. According to Pride and Ferrell (2011), a firm can only benefit from its strong brand if its consumers are able to relate the brand with the products. This is the only way that a firm will be able to make its products gain a competitive edge over other firms in the market. Cisco has been keen on expanding its products line through acquisitions and takeovers. The firm ha s acquired many other firms that have helped it increase its market share and the products it offers in the market. It is therefore, prudent to ensure that whenever such acquisitions are made, the customers are informed about the new product that have been introduced into the market (McNally Speak, 2011). Cisco had depended on mass media to reach out to the customers. The television commercials were used to attract customers and inform them of any changes that could have taken place and the new products that the firm could have recently introduced. Currently, the firm has decided to use social media to reach out to the customers. The decision is very timely. This is because when targeting the consumer market, it is important to know the attractive market segments. The youth make the most attractive market segment for electronic product or any technology-oriented products. They get fascinated by the power of technology, and can easily make purchase of a product if they get convinced that it has what they need. This target market is easily found in social media such as Facebook, Tweeter and other blogs that Cisco has decided to use. This is a strong indication that this plan is very viable. References McNally, D., Speak, K. D. (2011). Be your own brand: Achieve more of what you want by being more of who you are. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Pride, W. M., Ferrell, O. C. (2011). Marketing express. Mason: South-Western Cengage Learning.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ciscos Building of Brand specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Economics Questionnaire Essays

Economics Questionnaire Essays Economics Questionnaire Paper Economics Questionnaire Paper 1. A legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold is called a? Price ceiling. 2. Which of the following is likely to have the most price elastic demand? Breakfast cereal, corn flakes 3. A reduction in a countrys barriers to trade? Benefits some citizens of the importing country but does not benefit the domestic producers In the Importing country. 4. The amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase Is quantity demanded. 5. Suppose a market In which demand Is more elastic than supply. The incidence of a tax will? Fall more heavily on sellers than buyers. Suppose there Is a frost that destroys much of the strawberry crop and the price of blueberries, a substitute for strawberries, Increases. 6. What would we expect to happen In the market for strawberries? The price of strawberries Increases and the direction of the change In the equilibrium quantity of strawberries cannot be determined from the Information given. 7. Which of the following changes will not shift the demand for Ice cream to the right? A decrease In the price of Ice cream 8. If price elasticity of demand Is greater than one? Demand Is elastic. 9. If Tom Brady can ran $20,000 filming a commercial in the time it takes him to mow his lawn, he gains from trade? As long as he pays less than $20,000 for someone to mow his lawn 10. Suppose the income elasticity for good X is 0. 8. Good X? Has inelastic demand, is an inferior good 10. Sue can produce 4 dozen cookies or 2 dozen cupcakes in one hour. David can produce 6 dozen cookies or 4 dozen cupcakes in one hour. 11. Sees opportunity cost of 1 dozen cookies is? 2 dozen cupcakes and Davits opportunity cost of 1 dozen cookies is 1. 5 dozen cupcakes, 2 dozen cupcakes and Davits opportunity cost of 1 dozen cookies is 2/3 dozen cupcakes. 12. The market for agricultural products has experienced advances in technology but has relatively inelastic demand. The combination of these two effects is an increase in supply, a large reduction in equilibrium price, a small increase in the equilibrium quantity, and a decrease in total revenue paid to farmers as a group. 13. Without government intervention, prices of products are not capable of changing to avoid shortages or surpluses? FALSE 14. When supply is relatively elastic? The supply curve is relatively flat. 15. Sue can produce 4 dozen cookies or 2 dozen cupcakes in one hour. David can produce 6 dozen cookies or 4 dozen cupcakes in one hour. Sees opportunity cost of 1 dozen cookies is? Higher than Davits opportunity cost of 1 dozen cookies so Sue has a comparative advantage in the production of cookies. 16. Trade can make everyone better off because? Specialization based on comparative advantage Increases total production. 17. Trade can make everyone better off? All of the choices are correct. 18. Free markets are preferred to markets with binding price ceilings or floors because free markets are Impersonal and ration goods with prices? TRUE 19. The relative tax Incidence of a tax Is determined by the government? FALSE 20. Binding rent controls create large shortages of apartments In the short run, but small shortages In the long run due to the elasticity of demand and supply.? FALSE 21 . When consumers have more time to adjust to a price change, price elasticity of demand tends to be? More elastic. 22. Suppose the price of gold, an Input Into the production of Jewelry, decreases. The effect on the market for jewelry is? Decrease in quantity supplied. 23. An the market for sport utility vehicles is are? All of the choices are correct. 24. In a perfectly competitive market? All of the choices are correct. 25. Sue can produce 4 dozen cookies or 2 dozen cupcakes in one hour. David can produce 6 dozen cookies or 4 dozen cupcakes in one hour. Davits opportunity cost of 1 dozen cupcakes is? 2/3 dozen cookies while Sees opportunity cost of 1 dozen cupcakes is 1/2 dozen cookies so David should specialize in the production of cupcakes 2/3 dozen cookies while Sees opportunity cost of 1 dozen cupcakes is 1/2 dozen cookies so Sue should specialize in the production of cupcakes. 26. If price elasticity of demand is less than one? Increasing the price of the product will increase total revenue. 27. Sue can produce 4 dozen cookies or 2 dozen cupcakes in one hour. David can produce 6 dozen cookies or 4 dozen cupcakes in one hour. A producer that requires fewer resources to produce a good is said to have? A comparative advantage, a straight line production possibilities frontier 28. A tax levied on buyers has the same effect on the price the buyer pays as an equal magnitude tax levied on sellers. TRUE 29. A price floor set below the market equilibrium price? Is a non-binding price floor. 30. One producer can have the comparative advantage in both products, but cannot have the absolute advantage in both products? FALSE 31 . When the minimum wage is set above the equilibrium wage it is a binding price floor that results in a surplus of labor 32. A decrease in quantity supplied is shown as a movement from? Point B to point A 33. Imports are goods? Produced abroad and sold domestically 34. Goods with a positive cross price elasticity are? Substitutes. 35. An increase in supply is shown as a movement from? Point A to point B, point B to point A 36. A market with only one seller is called a monopoly market. TRUE 37. If the government were to impose a tax on cigarettes, the tax incidence will likely fall more heavily on the? Ensure because supply is more elastic than demand. 38. A price ceiling set below the market equilibrium price? All of the choices are correct. 39. The responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a product to a change in the price of a product is called? Elasticity 40. Suppose when the price of gasoline is $3. 50 per gallon, a local gas station sells 300 gallons per day. When the price of gasoline is $3. 85 per gallon, the same gas station sells 31 5 gallons per day. Using the midpoint formula, the absolute value of the price elasticity of demand for gasoline is approximately?

Essential vs Non- Essential Job Finctions Research Paper

Essential vs Non- Essential Job Finctions - Research Paper Example On the other hand, non-essential job functions are duties that could be reassigned to other employees and effectively execute them (Hammonds & Kapusta, 2003). Some of the non-essential job functions include directing and escorting clients to different offices within the organisation. Employers are required to have knowledge of the employment provisions including disability Act. Essentially, employees are required to comprehend on essential job functions and how they affect employees. Disability Act Stipulates on the basic civil rights for persons with disability, women and the minority groups (Hammonds & Kapusta, 2003). However, an employer is not obliged to modify or eliminate an essential job function in order to accommodate person with disability. This is arguably true because an employee who is not in a position to execute the essential job functions even when considered to have a reasonable accommodation does not qualify for the said job and is not protected by discrimination

The mechanism of ethanol induced hepatotoxicity in man Essay

The mechanism of ethanol induced hepatotoxicity in man - Essay Example Alcohol damages liver as a dose-dependent hepatotoxin (Maddrey 2004). The damage is mainly due to the by-products of metabolism. After absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, alcohol undergoes oxidation in the liver. The first step in the oxidation is conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde and this is catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase. During this process, NADH (NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is released. The acetaldehyde is further oxidized to acetic acid which then enters the citric acid cycle and metabolized to carbondioxide and water. NADH is used up in the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid, in the synthesis of lipids and in the electron transport chain (Paton 2005). Most of the damage to cells caused by ethanol is due to acetaldehyde and NADH. Acetaldehyde causes damage due to immune response and increased NADH causes altered NADH/NAD ratio leading to increased oxygen consumption and hypermetabolic state (Tome 2004). During the initial stages of excessive alcohol consumption, fat deposition occurs in the liver. When fat deposition occurs without any evidence of cell inflammation, it is usually reversible and benign (Maddrey 2004). However, gradually cell inflammation occurs resulting in liver necrosis and fibrosis. Acute fatty liver is caused by increased uptake of plasma-free fattyacids which are released secondary to enhanced blood flow in the liver, activation of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase and hypermobilization of adipose-tissue fat (Badawy 1980). The increase in hepatic blood flow is secondary to the direct stimulatory effect of alcohol on the adrenal and pituitary axis (Ismail 2006). Chronic fatty liver occurs due to chronic ingestion of alcohol which inhibits fatty acid oxidation in the liver. There is also release of very low-density lipoprotein into the blood. As consumption of alcohol continues and increases, hypoxia ensues and there is shift in lipid metabolism leading to decreased energy stores.